1. Pairs of brief stretches or a series of stretches at random intervals (Poisson process) were applied to a slow (soleus) and a fast (plantaris) muscle in decerebrate cats to analyze the nonlinear effects of one stretch on the reflex responses to subsequent stretches. Neural activity, electromyogram (EMG), and force were recorded. The reflex responses due to stretch were compared with reflexes as a result of electrical stimulation of nerves. Nonlinearities of muscle were also examined in the absence of reflexes. Short-latency neural activity produced by the stimuli at all intervals studied was quite constant, so changes in sensory activity cannot account for the nonlinearities. Three phases of nonlinear interactions were observed, and mechanisms for these nonlinearities are suggested. 2. For short intervals (less than 100 ms) following a stretch the force and EMG produced by a second stretch is depressed. This early depression could be due to the after hyperpolarization of the motoneuron cel body or to synaptic mechanisms, since the depression of EMG is seen with electrical stimulation of Ia sensory, but not alpha-motor axons. In addition, a second stretch can disrupt the reflex contraction produced by the first stretch if it occurs at a time when new actomyosin bonds are not readily formed. Because of this force suppression, the total reflex force produced in response to two stretches may be less than the response to a single stretch. 3. For intervals between 100 and 300 ms the force and EMG produced by a second stretch is enhanced. This potentiation is also seen with electrical stimulation of large sensory but not motor axons and could result from a synchronization of motoneuronal excitability cycles. It is more prominent in the homogeneous (soleus) muscle than the mixed (plantaris) muscle, probably because the motoneuron cell bodies will reach a period of high excitability at more nearly the same time in the homogeneous muscle. 4. For longer intervals the force produced by a second stretch is reduced even when the EMG is close to control values. This late depression is also observed with electrical stimulation of cut motor axons and therefore arises from the contractile properties of muscles. 5. With a random series of stretches, the same time course of nonlinear interactions is observed. However, as the mean rate of the random stretches is increased, the average response of the reflex decreases. Thus, the stretch reflex will be most effective in correcting for occasional perturbations to a movement, rather than for continuously varying disturbances.
Separate Recording of A-delta and C Fiber–Mediated Nociceptive Flexor Reflex Responses of Mouse Hindlimb Using Electromyography and the Characteristics of Wind-Up Appearing in the Responses