PENGELOMPOKAN TITIK GEMPA DI PULAU SULAWESI MENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA ST-DBSCAN (Spatio Temporal-Density Based Spatial Clustering Application with Noise)

Earthquake is a natural disaster which is quite serious in Indonesia, especially on Sulawesi Island. Earthquake is fearful because it can’t be predicted when it will come, where it will come, and how strong the vibration, that often causes fatal damage and casualties. In effort to minimize losses caused by earthquake, it is necessary to divide areas which are easily affected by earthquake. One of the methods that can be used in dividing the area is by using the clustering technique. This research by using a clustering method with the ST-DBSCAN (Spatial Temporal-Density Based Spatial Clustering Application with Noise) algorithm on dataset of earthquake points in Sulawesi Island in 2019. This method by using the spatial distance parameters (Eps1 = 0.45), the temporal distance parameters (Eps2 = 7), and minimum number of cluster members (MinPts = 4), resulting in a total of 60 clusters with 8 large clusters and 216 noises

STEEL enables high-resolution delineation of spatiotemporal transcriptomic data

Advances in spatial transcriptomics enlarge the use of single cell technologies to unveil the expression landscape of the tissues with valuable spatial context. However, computational tools developed for single-cell transcriptomics have great limits in dealing with spatial transcriptomic data with high noise on detected transcript signals. Here we propose an unsupervised and manifold learning-based algorithm, STEEL, which identifies different cell types from spatial transcriptome by clustering cells/beads exhibiting both highly similar gene expression profiles and close spatial distance in the manner of graphs. Comprehensive evaluation of STEEL on various spatial transcriptomic datasets from 10X Visium platform demonstrates that it not only achieves a high resolution to characterize fine structures of mouse brain, but also enables the integration of multiple tissue slides individually analyzed into a larger one. STEEL outperforms previous methods to effectively distinguish different cell types of various tissues on Slide-seq datasets, featuring in higher bead density but lower transcript detection efficiency. Application of STEEL on spatial transcriptomes of early-stage mouse embryos (E9.5 to E12.5) successfully delineates a progressive development landscape of tissues from ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm layers, and futher profiles dynamic changes on cell differentiation in heart and other organs. With the advancement of spatial transcriptome technologies, our method will have great applicability in high-resolution cell type identification and unbiased spatiotemporal data integration.

A Poverty Measurement Method Incorporating Spatial Correlation: A Case Study in Yangtze River Economic Belt, China

The UN 2030 Agenda sets poverty eradication as the primary goal of sustainable development. An accurate measurement of poverty is a critical input to the quality and efficiency of poverty alleviation in rural areas. However, poverty, as a geographical phenomenon, inevitably has a spatial correlation. Neglecting the spatial correlation between areas in poverty measurements will hamper efforts to improve the accuracy of poverty identification and to design policies in truly poor areas. To capture this spatial correlation, this paper proposes a new poverty measurement model based on a neural network, namely, the spatial vector deep neural network (SVDNN), which combines the spatial vector neural network model (SVNN) and the deep neural network (DNN). The SVNN was applied to measure spatial correlation, while the DNN used the SVNN output vector and explanatory variables dataset to measure the multidimensional poverty index (MPI). To determine the optimal spatial correlation structure of SVDNN, this paper compares the model performance of the spatial distance matrix, spatial adjacent matrix and spatial weighted adjacent matrix, selecting the optimal performing spatial distance matrix as the input data set of SVNN. Then, the SVDNN model was used for the MPI measurement of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, after which the results were compared with three baseline models of DNN, the back propagation neural network (BPNN), and artificial neural network (ANN). Experiments demonstrate that the SVDNN model can obtain spatial correlation from the spatial distance dataset between counties and its poverty identification accuracy is better than other baseline models. The spatio-temporal characteristics of MPI measured by SVDNN were also highly consistent with the distribution of urban aggregations and national-level poverty counties in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The SVDNN model proposed in this paper could effectively improve the accuracy of poverty identification, thus reducing the misallocation of resources in tracking and targeting poverty in developing countries.

Identification of patterns for space-time event networks

This paper provides new tools for analyzing spatio-temporal event networks. We build time series of directed event networks for a set of spatial distances, and based on scan-statistics, the spatial distance that generates the strongest change of event network connections is chosen. In addition, we propose an empirical random network event generator to detect significant motifs throughout time. This generator preserves the spatial configuration but randomizes the order of the occurrence of events. To prevent the large number of links from masking the count of motifs, we propose using standardized counts of motifs at each time slot. Our methodology is able to detect interaction radius in space, build time series of networks, and describe changes in its topology over time, by means of identification of different types of motifs that allows for the understanding of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the phenomena. We illustrate our methodology by analyzing thefts occurred in Medellín (Colombia) between the years 2003 and 2015.

Public Perceptions of Child Sexual Exploitation Abroad: A Vignette Experiment on the Influence of Social Distance

This study examines the impact of social and spatial distance on public opinion about sexual exploitation of children. A randomized vignette experiment among members of a Dutch household panel investigated whether public perceptions of child sexual exploitation were more damning or more lenient when it occurred in a country closer to home, and explored theoretical explanations. The results show that offenses committed in the Netherlands or U.S. are overall perceived as more negative than those committed in Romania or Thailand. Social distance affects public perceptions about crime severity, and victims are attributed more responsibility in socially close than socially distant conditions. The study concludes that public perceptions are contingent upon the crime location, even when applied to child sexual exploitation.

A single foot-mounted pedestrian navigation algorithm based on maximum gait displacement constraint in three-dimensional space

Inertial navigation technology composed of inertial sensors is widely used in foot-mounted pedestrian positioning. However, inertial sensors are susceptible to noise, which affects the performance of the system. The zero-velocity update (ZUPT) as a traditional method is utilized to suppress the cumulative error. Unfortunately, the walking distance calculated by a Kalman filter still has position error. To improve the positioning accuracy, a nonlinear Kalman filter with spatial distance inequality constraint for single foot is proposed in this work. Since the stride distance between adjacent stance phases has an upper bound in plane and height, an inertial navigation system (INS) established by one inertial measurement unit (IMU) is adopted to constrain the stride process. Eventually, the performance of the proposed method is verified by experiments. Compared to the single foot-mounted ZUPT method, the proposed method suppresses the plane error and the height error by 46.04% and 65.48%, respectively. For the dual foot constraint method, the proposed constraint method can reduce the number of sensors while ensuring the positioning accuracy. Moreover, the height error is reduced by 59.98% on average by optimizing the constraint algorithm. The experimental results show that the trajectory estimated by the proposed method is closer to the actual path.

Timescape: A Simple Spatiotemporal Interpolation Tool

We developed a novel approach in the field of spatiotemporal modelling, based on the spatialisation of time: the Timescape algorithm. It is especially aimed at sparsely distributed datasets in ecological research, whose spatial and temporal variability is strongly entangled. The algorithm is based on the definition of a spatiotemporal distance that incorporates a causality constraint and that is capable of accommodating the seasonal behaviour of the modelled variable as well. The actual modelling is conducted exploiting any established spatial interpolation technique, substituting the ordinary spatial distance with our Timescape distance, thus sorting, from the same input set of observations, those causally related to each estimated value at a given site and time. The notion of causality is expressed topologically and it has to be tuned for each particular case. The Timescape algorithm originates from the field of stable isotopes spatial modelling (isoscapes), but in principle it can be used to model any real scalar random field distribution.

MP-CE Method for Space-Filling Design in Constrained Space with Multiple Types of Factors

Space-filling design selects points uniformly in the experimental space, bringing considerable flexibility to the complex-model-based and model-free data analysis. At present, space-filling designs mostly focus on regular spaces and continuous factors, with a lack of studies into the discrete factors and the constraints among factors. Most of the existing experimental design methods for qualitative factors are not applicable for discrete factors, since they ignore the potential order or spatial distance between discrete factors. This paper proposes a space-filling method, called maximum projection coordinate-exchange (MP-CE), taking into account both the diversity of factor types and the complexity of factor constraints. Specifically, the maximum projection criterion and distance criterion are introduced to capture the “bad” coordinates, and the coordinate-exchange and the optimization of experimental design are realized by solving one-dimensional constrained optimization problem. Meanwhile, by adding iterative perturbations to the traditional coordinate exchange process, the adjacent areas of the local optimal solution are explored and the optimum performances of the current optimal solution are retained, while the shortcomings of random restart are effectively avoided. Experiments in the regular space and constraint space, as well as experimental design for the terminal interception effectiveness of a missile defense system, show that the MP-CE method significantly outperforms existing popular space-filling design methods in terms of space-projection properties, while yielding comparable or superior space-filling properties.

Global evaluation of the precipitable-water-vapor product from MERSI-II (Medium Resolution Spectral Imager) on board the Fengyun-3D satellite

Atmospheric water vapor plays a key role in Earth's radiation balance and hydrological cycle, and the precipitable-water-vapor (PWV) product under clear-sky conditions has been routinely provided by the advanced Medium Resolution Spectral Imager (MERSI-II) on board Fengyun-3D since 2018. The global evaluation of the PWV product derived from MERSI-II is performed herein by comparing it with PWV from the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA) based on a total of 462 sites (57 219 matchups) during 2018–2021. The monthly averaged PWV from MERSI-II presents a decreasing distribution of PWV from the tropics to the polar regions. In general, a sound consistency exists between PWV values of MERSI-II and IGRA; their correlation coefficient is 0.951, and their root mean squared error (RMSE) is 0.36 cm. The histogram of mean bias (MB) shows that the MB is concentrated around zero and mostly located within the range from −1.00 cm to 0.50 cm. For most sites, PWV is underestimated with the MB between −0.41 and 0.05 cm. However, there is also an overestimated PWV, which is mostly distributed in the area surrounding the Black Sea and the middle of South America. There is a slight underestimation of MERSI-II PWV for all seasons with the MB value below −0.18 cm, with the bias being the largest magnitude in summer. This is probably due to the presence of thin clouds, which weaken the radiation signal observed by the satellite. We also find that there is a larger bias in the Southern Hemisphere, with a large value and significant variation in PWV. The binned error analysis revealed that the MB and RMSE increased with the increasing value of PWV, but there is an overestimation for PWV smaller than 1.0 cm. In addition, there is a higher MB and RMSE with a larger spatial distance between the footprint of the satellite and the IGRA station, and the RMSE ranged from 0.33 to 0.47 cm. There is a notable dependency on solar zenith angle of the deviations between MERSI-II and IGRA PWV products.

Ascertaining the Inconsistency of AEC Students’ Perceptions and Behaviors Regarding Sustainability by Mixed Methods

University students in architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) are the main force and future leaders of the construction industry, and their values shape the model and direction of the industry’s future development. The construction industry is the largest contributor of waste and greenhouse gas emissions. However, there is an inconsistency between AEC university students’ perceptions and behaviors regarding sustainability, which has received little attention. This study attempts to shed light on the root causes of the inconsistency from the psychological perspective, incorporating construal level (CL) theory and psychological distance (PD) theory into situational settings of the experiment. We recruited 556 AEC students from 20 different universities to participate in data collection. Research findings revealed that PD has a significant influence on AEC students’ recycling behavior with variance in the effect of different dimensions, even though CL has no significant impact. Furthermore, findings show that spatial distance poses the greatest impact on AEC student recycling behavior, followed by information distance, temporal distance, experience distance, hypothetical distance, and social distance. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by introducing CL and PD into sustainability perception and behavior research in construction and has practical implications for universities with sustainability curricula in AEC.