Tests of cesium iodide crystals for an electromagnetic calorimeter

1986 ◽  
Vol 249 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 201-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Blucher ◽  
B. Gittelman ◽  
B.K. Heltsley ◽  
J. Kandaswamy ◽  
R. Kowalewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cesium Iodide ◽  
Electromagnetic Calorimeter

scholarly journals Development, construction and tests of the Mu2e electromagnetic calorimeter mechanical structures

2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (01) ◽  
pp. C01007
Author(s):  
N. Atanov ◽  
V. Baranov ◽  
L. Borrel ◽  
C. Bloise ◽  
J. Budagov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cooling System ◽  
Plastic Material ◽  
Thermal Contact ◽  
Electronics Cooling ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Cesium Iodide ◽  
Electromagnetic Calorimeter ◽  
Track Reconstruction ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Front End

Abstract The “muon-to-electron conversion” (Mu2e) experiment at Fermilab will search for the charged lepton flavour violating neutrino-less coherent conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus. The observation of this process would be the unambiguous evidence of the existence of physics beyond the standard model. Mu2e detectors comprise a straw-tracker, an electromagnetic calorimeter and an external veto for cosmic rays. In particular, the calorimeter provides excellent electron identification, a fast calorimetric online trigger, and complementary information to aid pattern recognition and track reconstruction. The detector has been designed as a state-of-the-art crystal calorimeter and employs 1348 pure Cesium Iodide (CsI) crystals readout by UV-extended silicon photosensors and fast front-end and digitization electronics. A design consisting of two identical annular matrices (named “disks”) positioned at the relative distance of 70 cm downstream the aluminum target along the muon beamline satisfies the Mu2e physics requirements. The hostile Mu2e operational conditions, in terms of radiation levels (total expected ionizing dose of 12 krad and a neutron fluence of 5 × 1010 n/cm2 @ 1 MeVeq (Si)/y), magnetic field intensity (1 T) and vacuum level (10−4 Torr) have posed tight constraints on scintillating materials, sensors, electronics and on the design of the detector mechanical structures and material choice. The support structure of each 674 crystal matrix is composed of an aluminum hollow ring and parts made of open-cell vacuum-compatible carbon fiber. The photosensors and front-end electronics for the readout of each crystal are inserted in a machined copper holder and make a unique mechanical unit. The resulting 674 mechanical units are supported by a machined plate of vacuum-compatible plastic material. The plate also integrates the cooling system made of a network of copper lines flowing a low temperature radiation-hard fluid and placed in thermal contact with the copper holders to constitute a low resistance thermal bridge. The data acquisition electronics are hosted in aluminum custom crates positioned on the external lateral surface of the disks. The crates also integrate the electronics cooling system as lines running in parallel to the front-end system. In this paper we report on the calorimeter mechanical structure design, the mechanical and thermal simulations that have determined the design technological choices, and the status of component production, quality assurance tests and plans for assembly at Fermilab.

scholarly journals Precision Machining And Polishing Of Scintillating Crystals For Large Calorimeters And Hodoscopes

1994 ◽  
Vol 348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig R. Wuest ◽  
Baruch A. Fuchs ◽  
Fred R. Holdener ◽  
Joaquim L. Heck
Keyword(s):  
Surface Damage ◽  
Cesium Iodide ◽  
Barium Fluoride ◽  
Electromagnetic Calorimeter ◽  
Precision Machining ◽  
Rutherford Back Scattering ◽  
Cerium Fluoride ◽  
Detailed Surface ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Babar Detector

ABSTRACTNew machining and polishing techniques have been developed for large scintillating crystal arrays such as the Barium Fluoride Electromagnetic Calorimeter for the GEM Detector at SSCL, the Crystal Clear Collaboration's cerium fluoride or lead tungstenate calorimeter at the proposed LHC at CERN, the PHENIX Detector at RHIC (barium fluoride), and the cesium iodide Calorimeter for the BaBar Detector at PEP-I B Factory at SLAC. The machining and polishing methods to be presented in this paper provide crystalline surfaces without sub-surface damage or deformation as verified by Rutherford Back-scattering (RBS) analysis. Surface roughness of about 10-20 angstroms and sub-micron mechanical tolerances have been demonstrated on large barium fluoride crystal samples. Mass production techniques have also been developed for machining the proper angled surfaces and polishing up to five 50 cm long crystals at one time. These techniques utilize kinematic mount technology developed at LLNL to allow precision machining and polishing of complex surfaces. We will present this technology along with detailed surface studies of barium fluoride and cerium fluoride crystals polished with this technique.

scholarly journals Design and Beam Test Results for the 2-D Projective sPHENIX Electromagnetic Calorimeter Prototype

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-181
Author(s):  
C. A. Aidala ◽  
S. Altaf ◽  
R. Belmont ◽  
S. Boose ◽  
D. Cacace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Calorimeter ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Beam Test

scholarly journals Development and characterization of an all-in-one gamma probe with auto-peak detection for sentinel lymph node biopsy based on NEMA NU3-2004 standard

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aram Radnia ◽  
Hamed Abdollahzadeh ◽  
Behnoosh Teimourian ◽  
Mohammad Hossein Farahani ◽  
Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Sentinel Lymph Node ◽  
Gamma Probe ◽  
Peak Detection ◽  
Cesium Iodide ◽  
Shielding Effectiveness ◽  
Scattering Medium ◽  
Silicon Photomultiplier ◽  
Regional Lymph Nodes ◽  
Handheld Device

Abstract Background A gamma probe is a handheld device used for intraoperative interventions following interstitial injection of a radiotracer to locate regional lymph nodes through the external detection of radiation. This work reports on the design and performance evaluation of a novel fully integrated gamma probe (GammaPen), recently developed by our group. Materials and methods GammaPen is an all-in-one pocket gamma probe with low weight and adequate dimensions, consisting of a detector, a control unit and output all together. The detector module consists of a cylindrical Thallium-activated Cesium Iodide [CsI (Tl)] crystal optically coupled to a Silicon photomultiplier (SiPM), shielded using Tungsten housing on side and back faces. The electronics of the probe consists of two small boards to handle signal processing and analog peak detection tasks. A number of parameters, including probe sensitivity in air/water, spatial resolution in air/water, angular resolution in air/water, and side and back shielding effectiveness, were measured to evaluate the performance of the probe based on NEMA NU3-2004 standards. Results The sensitivity of the probe in air at distances of 10, 30, and 50 mm is 18784, 3500, and 1575 cps/MBq. The sensitivity in scattering medium was also measured at distances of 10, 30, and 50 mm as 17,680, 3050, and 1104 cps/MBq. The spatial and angular resolutions in scattering medium were 47 mm and 87 degree at 30 mm distance from the probe, while they were 40 mm and 77 degree in air. The detector shielding effectiveness and leakage sensitivity are 99.91% and 0.09%, respectively. Conclusion The performance characterization showed that GammaPen can be used effectively for sentinel lymph node localization. The probe was successfully used in several surgical interventions by an experienced surgeon confirming its suitability in a clinical setting.

scholarly journals Reconstruction of signal amplitudes in the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter in the presence of overlapping proton-proton interactions

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. P10002-P10002
Author(s):  
A.M. Sirunyan ◽  
A. Tumasyan ◽  
W. Adam ◽  
F. Ambrogi ◽  
T. Bergauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Calorimeter ◽  
Proton Proton
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