Energy Expenditure and Substrate Oxidation in Subjects with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Treated with Antiretroviral Drugs

2015 ◽  
pp. 471-481
Author(s):  
Helena Siqueira Vassimon
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Substrate Oxidation ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

scholarly journals Human Vault Nanoparticle Targeted Delivery of Antiretroviral Drugs to Inhibit Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 2216-2227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Fulcher ◽  
Kyle Tamshen ◽  
Alexander L. Wollenberg ◽  
Valerie A. Kickhoefer ◽  
Jan Mrazek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

scholarly journals Complete Protection from Repeated Vaginal Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Exposures in Macaques by a Topical Gel Containing Tenofovir Alone or with Emtricitabine

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (20) ◽  
pp. 10358-10365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urvi M. Parikh ◽  
Charles Dobard ◽  
Sunita Sharma ◽  
Mian-er Cong ◽  
Hongwei Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Drug Combinations ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
Topical Gel ◽  
Macaque Model ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Induce Resistance ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Long Acting

ABSTRACT New-generation gels that deliver potent antiretroviral drugs against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 have renewed hopes for topical prophylaxis as a prevention strategy. Previous preclinical research with monkey models suggested that high concentrations and drug combinations are needed for high efficacy. We evaluated two long-acting reverse transcriptase inhibitors, tenofovir (TFV) and emtricitabine (FTC), by using a twice-weekly repeat challenge macaque model and showed that a preexposure vaginal application of gel with 1% TFV alone or in combination with 5% FTC fully protected macaques from a total of 20 exposures to simian-human immunodeficiency virus SF162p3. FTC and TFV were detected in plasma 30 min after vaginal application, suggesting rapid absorption. FTC was detected more frequently than TFV and showed higher levels, reflecting the fivefold-higher concentration of this drug than of TFV. Two of 12 repeatedly exposed but protected macaques showed limited T-cell priming, which did not induce resistance to infection when macaques were rechallenged. Thus, single drugs with durable antiviral activity can provide highly effective topical prophylaxis and overcome the need for noncoital use or for drug combinations which are more complex and costly to formulate and approve.

scholarly journals Demonstration of Sustained Drug-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Lineages Circulating among Treatment-Naïve Individuals

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 2645-2654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Hué ◽  
Robert J. Gifford ◽  
David Dunn ◽  
Esther Fernhill ◽  
Deenan Pillay
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Transmitted Drug Resistance ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug resistance is well-recognized and compromises response to first-line therapy. However, the population dynamics of transmitted resistance remains unclear, although previous models have assumed that such transmission reflects direct infection from treated individuals. We investigated whether population-based phylogenetic analyses would uncover lineages of resistant viruses circulating in untreated individuals. Through the phylogenetic analysis of 14,061 HIV type 1 (HIV-1) pol gene sequences generated in the United Kingdom from both treatment-naïve and -experienced individuals, we identified five treatment-independent viral clusters containing mutations conferring cross-resistance to antiretroviral drugs prescribed today in the United Kingdom. These viral lineages represent sustainable reservoirs of resistance among new HIV infections, independent of treatment. Dated phylogenies reconstructed through Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo inference indicated that these reservoirs originated between 1997 and 2003 and have persisted in the HIV-infected population for up to 8 years. Since our cohort does not represent all infected individuals within the United Kingdom, our results are likely to underestimate the number and size of the resistant reservoirs circulating among drug-naïve patients. The existence of sustained reservoirs of resistance in the absence of treatment has the capacity to threaten the long-term efficacy of antiretroviral therapy and suggests there is a limit to the decline of transmitted drug resistance. Given the current decrease in resistance transmitted from treated individuals, a greater proportion of resistance is likely to come from drug-naïve lineages. These findings provide new insights for the planning and management of treatment programs in resource-rich and developing countries.

A Rapid Method for Simultaneous Detection of Phenotypic Resistance to Inhibitors of Protease and Reverse Transcriptase in Recombinant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates from Patients Treated with Antiretroviral Drugs

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Hertogs ◽  
Marie-Pierre de Béthune ◽  
Veronica Miller ◽  
Tania Ivens ◽  
Patricia Schel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Coding Sequences ◽  
Phenotypic Resistance ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Chimeric Viruses

ABSTRACT Combination therapy with protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors can efficiently suppress human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication, but the emergence of drug-resistant variants correlates strongly with therapeutic failure. Here we describe a new method for high-throughput analysis of clinical samples that permits the simultaneous detection of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) phenotypic resistance to both RT and PR inhibitors by means of recombinant virus assay technology. HIV-1 RNA is extracted from plasma samples, and a 2.2-kb fragment containing the entire HIV-1 PR- and RT-coding sequence is amplified by nested reverse transcription-PCR. The pool of PR-RT-coding sequences is then cotransfected into CD4+ T lymphocytes (MT4) with the pGEMT3ΔPRT plasmid from which most of the PR (codons 10 to 99) and RT (codons 1 to 482) sequences are deleted. Homologous recombination leads to the generation of chimeric viruses containing PR- and RT-coding sequences derived from HIV-1 RNA in plasma. The susceptibilities of the chimeric viruses to all currently available RT and/or PR inhibitors is determined by an MT4 cell–3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide-based cell viability assay in an automated system that allows high sample throughput. The profile of resistance to all RT and PR inhibitors is displayed graphically in a single PR-RT-Antivirogram. This assay system facilitates the rapid large-scale phenotypic resistance determinations for all RT and PR inhibitors in one standardized assay.

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