Abstract
Pneumatic micro-extrusion (PME) is a direct-write additive manufacturing process, which has emerged as a robust, high-resolution method for the fabrication of a broad spectrum of biological tissues and organs. In the PME process, a high-pressure flow is injected into a cartridge, which contains a bioink material, resulting in pressure-driven material deposition on a free surface via a converging conical micro-capillary. In this study, PCL powder was loaded into the cartridge, maintained at 120 °C. The flow pressure was set to 550 kPa. Laminar molten PCL flow was deposited on a glass surface (steadily and uniformly kept at 45 °C), using a 200 μm nozzle. A porous, cylindrical scaffold was designed (honeycomb-filled), having a diameter and height of 10 mm and 3 mm, respectively.
To investigate the effects of the design and process parameters, a series of experiments were designed and conducted where print speed was varied at four levels in the range of 0.30–0.45 mm/s with 0.05 mm/s increments. In addition, similarly, layer height and layer width were changed at four levels in the range of 125–200 μm with 25μm increments. Finally, infill density was set at four levels in the range of 0.20–0.35 with 5% increments. As a result, 16 experimental runs were characterized, each replicated four times. Of each of the PME-fabricated samples, an image was acquired (both horizontally and vertically) using a high-resolution CCD camera. Illumination was provided by an LED ring light (being of a brightness in the range of 30,000–40,000 Lux as well as a color temperature of 6000 K). Subsequently, the acquired images were analyzed using in-house digital image processing algorithms, forwarded with the aim to characterize both the diameter and the height of the fabricated bone scaffolds. The veracity of the image-based measurements was corroborated, using offline caliper measurements. Furthermore, the compression properties of the fabricated bone scaffolds were measured using a compression testing machine; the samples were subjected to a compression load, applied with a velocity of 0.08 mm/s. Overall, the results of this study pave the way for future investigation of PME-deposited PCL scaffolds with optimal mechanical and morphological properties for incorporation of hBMSCs toward the treatment of osseous fractures and defects.
An Improved Methodology for Determination of Fluorine in Biological Samples Using High-Resolution Molecular Absorption Spectrometry via Gallium Fluorine Formation in a Graphite Furnace