scholarly journals The Role of Context Conditioning in the Reinstatement of Responding to an Alcohol-Predictive Conditioned Stimulus

2021 ◽  
pp. 113686
Author(s):  
Mandy Rita LeCocq ◽  
Sophie Sun ◽  
Nadia Chaudhri
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Context Conditioning

scholarly journals The Role of Context Conditioning in the Reinstatement of Responding to an Alcohol-Predictive Conditioned Stimulus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mandy Rita LeCocq ◽  
Sophie Sun ◽  
Nadia Chaudhri
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Home Cage ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Context Conditioning ◽  
Drinking Alcohol ◽  
Exposure Session ◽  
The Us ◽  
Exposure Sessions ◽  
Conditioned Responding

Re-exposure to an unconditioned stimulus (US) can reinstate extinguished conditioned responding elicited by a conditioned stimulus (CS). We tested the hypothesis that the reinstatement of responding to an appetitive CS is driven by an excitatory association formed between the US and the context that the US was ingested in during US re-exposure. Male, Long-Evans rats were acclimated to drinking alcohol (15%, v/v) in the home-cage, then trained to associate an auditory CS with an alcohol-US that was delivered into a fluid port for oral intake. During subsequent extinction sessions, the CS was presented as before, but without alcohol. After extinction, rats were re-exposed to alcohol as in training, but without the CS (US re-exposure). 24 h later at test, the CS was presented as in training, but without alcohol. First, we tested the effect of extinguishing the context-alcohol association, formed during alcohol re-exposure, on reinstatement. Conducting four context extinction sessions across four days (spaced extinction) after the US re-exposure session did not impact reinstatement. However, four context extinction sessions conducted across two days (massed extinction) prevented reinstatement. Next, we conducted alcohol re-exposure in a context that either differed from, or was the same as, the test context. One alcohol re-exposure session in a different context did not affect reinstatement, however, three alcohol re-exposure sessions in a different context significantly reduced reinstatement during the first CS trial. These results partially support the view that a context-US association formed during US re-exposure drives the reinstatement of responding to an appetitive, alcohol-predictive CS.

scholarly journals Dopamine in nucleus accumbens: salience modulation in latent inhibition and overshadowing

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 1649-1660 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJD Nelson ◽  
KE Thur ◽  
CA Marsden ◽  
HJ Cassaday
Keyword(s):  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Latent Inhibition ◽  
Relative Intensity ◽  
Emotional Response ◽  
Conditioned Emotional Response ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
6 Hydroxydopamine

Latent inhibition (LI) is demonstrated when non-reinforced pre-exposure to a to-be-conditioned stimulus retards later learning. Learning is similarly retarded in overshadowing, in this case using the relative intensity of competing cues to manipulate associability. Electrolytic/excitotoxic lesions to shell accumbens (NAc) and systemic amphetamine both reliably abolish LI. Here a conditioned emotional response procedure was used to demonstrate LI and overshadowing and to examine the role of dopamine (DA) within NAc. Experiment 1 showed that LI but not overshadowing was abolished by systemic amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg i.p.). In Experiment 2, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was used to lesion DA terminals within NAc: both shell- and core- (plus shell-)lesioned rats showed normal LI and overshadowing. Experiment 3 compared the effects of amphetamine microinjected at shell and core coordinates prior to conditioning: LI, but not overshadowing, was abolished by 10.0 but not 5.0 µg/side amphetamine injected in core but not shell NAc. These results suggest that the abolition of LI produced by NAc shell lesions is not readily reproduced by regionally restricted DA depletion within NAc; core rather than shell NAc mediates amphetamine-induced abolition of LI; overshadowing is modulated by different neural substrates.

scholarly journals The Role of Cross-Cue Reactivity in Coexisting Smoking and Gambling Habits

2016 ◽  
pp. 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edelgard Wulfert ◽  
Kristen Harris ◽  
James Broussard
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Problem Gambling ◽  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Cue Reactivity ◽  
Subjective Response ◽  
Smoking Cues ◽  
Poker Players

Cigarette smoking is the most common addictive behaviour co-occurring with problem gambling. Based on classical conditioning, smoking and gambling cues may acquire conditioned stimulus properties that elicit cravings for both behaviours. This study examined cross-cue reactivity in 75 men who were regular smokers, poker players or cigarette-smoking poker players. Participants were exposed to discrete cigarette, poker and neutral cues while skin conductance and psychological urges to smoke and gamble were measured. Results showed evidence of cross-cue reactivity based on skin conductance, and subjective response to smoking cues; subjective response to gambling cues was less clear. Smoking gamblers showed greater skin conductance reactivity to cues, and stronger subjective urges to smoke to smoking and gambling cues, compared to individuals who only smoked or only gambled. This study demonstrates evidence for cross-cue reactivity between a substance and a behavioural addiction, and the results encourage further research.

Ring My Bell

2019 ◽  
pp. 303-315
Author(s):  
Patrik N. Juslin
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Special Form ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Evaluative Conditioning ◽  
The Us ◽  
Psychological Mechanism ◽  
Classic Conditioning

This chapter considers the psychological mechanism known as evaluative conditioning. Evaluative conditioning is defined as a process whereby an emotion is evoked by a piece of music just because this stimulus has been paired, repeatedly, with other positive or negative stimuli, which are not necessarily logically connected to the music in any way. It is a special form of classic conditioning that involves the pairing of an initially neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) with an affectively valenced, unconditioned stimulus (US). After the pairing, the CS acquires the ability to arouse the same affective state as the US in the perceiver. The remainder of the chapter discusses the characteristics of evaluative conditioning, the emotions that conditioning might arouse, and the role of conditioning in everyday life.

scholarly journals Conditioning Method Dramatically Alters the Role of Amygdala in Taste Aversion Learning

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 481-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn E. Schafe ◽  
Todd E. Thiele ◽  
Ilene L. Bernstein
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Taste Aversion ◽  
Conditioned Taste Aversion ◽  
Aversion Learning ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Taste Aversion Learning ◽  
Response Component ◽  
Electrolytic Lesions ◽  
Amygdala Lesions

Although an important role for the amygdala in taste aversion learning has been suggested by work in a number of laboratories, results have been inconsistent and interpretations varied. The present series of studies reevaluated the role of the amygdala in taste aversion learning by examining the extent to which conditioning methods, testing methods and lesioning methods, influence whether amygdala lesions dramatically affect conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning. Results indicated that when animals are conditioned with an intraoral (I/O) taste presentation, lesions of amygdala eliminate evidence of conditioning whether animals are tested intraorally or with a two-bottle solution presentation. Dramatic effects of amygdala lesions on CTA learning were seen whether lesions were made electrolytically or using an excitotoxin. In contrast, when animals were conditioned using bottle presentation of the taste, electrolytic lesions attenuated CTAs but did not eliminate them, and excitotoxic lesions had no effect. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that neural structures critical for CTA learning may differ depending on the extent to which the method of conditioned stimulus delivery incorporates a response component.

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