The role of auxiliaries in the immersion dyeing of textile fibres part 2: Analysis of conventional models that describe the manner by which inorganic electrolytes promote direct dye uptake on cellulosic fibres

We present experimental evidence for the effects of electron-ion recombination on contrast formation in secondary electron (SE) images obtained using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). Inclusion of the effects of SE-ion recombination in the theory of ESEM image formation accounts for contrast reversal observed, under appropriate conditions, in SE images of conductors (ie, in the absence of localized specimen charging) and of insulators that exhibit localized charging. Previously unexplained dynamic contrast caused by temporal charging can be understood if both conventional models of the effects of charging on SE emission, and the proposed role of SEion recombination in ESEM image formation are accounted for.In an ESEM, the extent of charging exhibited by insulating specimens can be controlled by varying the type and pressure (P) of the imaging gas, and operating parameters that determine the extent to which the gas is ionized (eg, detector bias, VGSED, and working distance, WD).

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Women, Peace, and Security: Mapping the (Re)Production of a Policy Ecosystem

Journal of Global Security Studies ◽

10.1093/jogss/ogaa045 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Paul Kirby ◽

Laura J Shepherd

Keyword(s):

Policy Transfer ◽

Global Politics ◽

Systematic Analysis ◽

Norm Diffusion ◽

State Action ◽

Un Security Council ◽

Peace And Security ◽

Global Peace ◽

Conventional Models

Abstract The Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agenda is a global peace and security architecture conventionally understood as emerging from a suite of UN Security Council resolutions and accompanying member state action plans over the last twenty years. The agenda serves as a major international gender equality initiative in its own right and as a prominent example of the broadening of security practices in global politics. In this paper, we present the first truly systematic analysis of the agenda, drawing on a novel dataset of 213 WPS policy documents from across the UN system, national government initiatives, and regional and international organizations published between 2000 and 2018. We argue that the degree of variation in the WPS agenda is frequently underestimated in conventional models of norm diffusion and policy transfer, and instead propose an account of the agenda as a dynamic ecosystem shaped by reproduction and contestation. Our empirical mapping runs counter to established narratives about the development of the agenda, producing insights into the pace and location of the growth of WPS; the hierarchy of its key “pillars”; the emergence of new issues; the development of rival versions of the agenda; and the role of domestic institutions in shaping WPS policy. We find support for the claim that the WPS agenda is pluralizing in significant ways and provide illustrations of points of fracture within the agenda at large. Our argument has significant implications for the WPS research agenda and for scholarship on security norms and policy more broadly.

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Investigation of Ultrasonic Effects in Cotton Dyeing Processing

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.787.138 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 787 ◽

pp. 138-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

De Shuai Sun ◽

Long Fang ◽

Tao Liu

Keyword(s):

Cotton Fiber ◽

Ultrasound Irradiation ◽

Cotton Fabrics ◽

Dye Uptake ◽

Adsorption Model ◽

Langmuir Adsorption ◽

Langmuir Adsorption Model ◽

Dyeing Process ◽

Direct Dye ◽

Ultrasound Dyeing

Ultrasound can promote the dye-uptake in the dyeing process. The effects of ultrasound on the fiber, dye and dyeing system were investigated by dyeing cotton fabrics with a direct dye. The dye exhaustion exceeded 80% in 30 minutes with the assistant of ultrasound. Langmuir adsorption model could descript the ultrasound dyeing process of direct dye. The area of fiber accessibility of cotton fiber increased 1.68 times under the action of ultrasound. The absorbance of direct dye solution increased remarkably in the first 10 minutes of ultrasound irradiation. Ultrasound accelerated the diffusion of dye on cotton fiber, and then the diffusion coefficient increased 46 times

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