scholarly journals Revisiting money and labor for valuing environmental goods and services in developing countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 177 ◽  
pp. 106771
Author(s):  
Habtamu Tilahun Kassahun ◽  
Jette Bredahl Jacobsen ◽  
Charles F. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Environmental Goods ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Environmental Goods And Services

scholarly journals ALTERNATIVE NUMERAIRES FOR MEASURING WELFARE CHANGES: REVIEW OF EMPIRICAL ENVIRONMENTAL VALUATION STUDIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhmad Solikin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Environmental Valuation ◽  
Environmental Values ◽  
Budget Constraint ◽  
Environmental Goods ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Welfare Changes ◽  
Environmental Goods And Services ◽  
Alternative Metrics

This study examines numeraire or an account unit that measures household welfare changes. Although money metric usually determines budget constraint, textbook explanations of the alternative metrics are limited. Therefore, the study aimed to fill the existing gap by systematically and qualitatively analysing previously published articles on environmental valuation in developing countries. The results showed the existence of alternative numeraires in working time, commodities, and financing. The alternative metrics are useful in the valuation of environmental goods and services in developing countries, especially those involving poor respondents and underdeveloped monetary transactions. The nonmonetary payments reduce zero bids due to the inability of subsistence people to pay in cash and help the poor express their true environmental values.

Least-Developed Countries, Climate Change and Trade

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen F. Irish
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Environmental Goods ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Climate Change Policies ◽  
Border Adjustments ◽  
Environmental Goods And Services

AbstractIn current negotiations on both climate change and international trade, there is debate over the obligations of developing countries. The author argues that whatever the outcome of those general discussions, special status must be carefully retained for the protection of the least-developed countries in the intersection of trade and climate change policies. The paper examines the position of LDCs on three trade-related topics: environmental goods and services, border adjustments, GSP tariff preferences.

scholarly journals Is there a need to audit CVM applications to the environment?

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 482-489
Author(s):  
S Hosking
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Contingent Valuation ◽  
Contingent Valuation Method ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
External Audit ◽  
Environmental Goods ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Valuation Method ◽  
Environmental Goods And Services

It is well known to economists that the contingent valuation method (CVM) fills an important gap in valuation technology with respect to managing public environmental goods and services.   Currently acceptable CVM practice requires many challenging steps to be followed.  One of these important steps is that of assessing the theoretical validity of the household willingness to pay (WTP) finding, but it is far from being a sufficient basis for reaching conclusions as to the credibility predicted community willingness to pay for environmental services.  This paper reviews the step of testing for theoretical validity and challenges its importance relative to other more fundamental assessments of the credibility of the predicted household and societal WTP.  This paper then deduces that an external ‘audit’ assessment may be necessary, in addition to an internal one, for these values to attain credibility in the determination of public choices.

scholarly journals The taxation of privately owned forest land in Canada: A review of the taxation systems in all ten provinces

2017 ◽  
Vol 93 (02) ◽  
pp. 104-112
Author(s):  
Tony Rotherham
Keyword(s):  
Rural Economy ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Active Management ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Environmental Goods ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Tax Systems ◽  
Environmental Goods And Services

Canada has 400 million ha of forest land. Only 25 million ha (5%) is in private ownership. This private forest land is generally divided in two categories: 450 000 private woodlots covering about 15 million ha in the settled regions of Canada and about 5 million ha in larger blocks owned by pension funds, investors, and forest products companies. The private woodlots are subject to municipal or provincial property taxes. The provinces use several approaches to determine the level of tax to be paid. In some cases, the tax system is used to provide an incentive to manage the land. The property tax system offers a policy tool to encourage active management of the land and help ensure a healthy, diverse, and productive forest that contributes forest-related ecological goods and services to the community as well as timber to the local economy. It is in the long-term interests of rural communities that land remains in production and that forested land is managed to maintain the forest in a healthy condition and produce both forest-related environmental goods and services and timber to support the rural economy. A well-designed property tax structure based on incentives that is accepted as fair and is supported by taxpayers can help to achieve these objectives. The survey of provincial property tax systems shows several approaches to the application of property tax systems on forest lands. Property tax systems applied to forest land that are based on incentives to actively manage the land and are coupled with financial assistance for tree planting on idle land offer simple and practical ways to keep rural land in production. This is particularly true of marginal/sub-marginal land that has been cleared but is no longer used for agricultural production. Incentives help to ensure that forested land is managed to maintain the forest in a healthy condition and produce forest-related environmental goods and services (EG&S) as well as timber to support the rural economy.

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