Least-Developed Countries, Climate Change and Trade

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen F. Irish
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Environmental Goods ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Climate Change Policies ◽  
Border Adjustments ◽  
Environmental Goods And Services

AbstractIn current negotiations on both climate change and international trade, there is debate over the obligations of developing countries. The author argues that whatever the outcome of those general discussions, special status must be carefully retained for the protection of the least-developed countries in the intersection of trade and climate change policies. The paper examines the position of LDCs on three trade-related topics: environmental goods and services, border adjustments, GSP tariff preferences.

Environmental and Climate Change Issues in Africa

2014 ◽  
pp. 602-619
Author(s):  
Tomonori Sudo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Environmental Goods ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Global Environmental Problems ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Environmental Capital ◽  
Capital Value ◽  
Environmental Goods And Services

Africa’s environmental capital is an asset for African people. However, Africa’s ecological footprint is increasing and is close to exceeding the continent’s biocapacity. Therefore, shifting to “green growth” is an option to achieve sustainable development, and Africa is well placed to generate benefits from existing environmental capital and latecomer’s advantage. One challenge is how to realize the conversion of environmental capital value into economic value. The valuation of environmental goods and services is a challenge. However, Africa faces the risk of global environmental problems, such as climate change. Even though Africa’s greenhouse gas emissions are limited compared to developed countries and emerging economies, climate change may have a more severe impact. Although the scale and impact of climate change is uncertain, it will lead to the loss of accumulated developmental benefit for Africa. This issue has been long debated, but no best solution has been identified, so further studies are necessary.

scholarly journals Developing countries and climate change policies

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 160-182
Author(s):  
Dragoljub Todic ◽  
Vladimir Grbic
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Climate Change Policies ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
Common But Differentiated Responsibilities

The paper considers the question of the position and role of developing countries in the contemporary law and policy of climate change. The basic thesis in this paper is that the position of developing countries is defined in relevant international legal documents, but that significant differences between individual categories of developing countries are not clearly emphasized. In this sense, the first part of the paper is focused on the problems of defining of the notion of developing countries. The second part gives an overview of the specific rights and obligations of developing countries within the framework of the existing system established by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol. In particular, it highlights the content and dilemmas in the interpretation of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. The third part of the paper presents some common features of developing countries that are of relevance for climate change. It provides an overview of some features and elements of the policies of individual countries (members of non- Annex I, small island countries, least developed countries and developing countries which are the largest emitter of GHGs).

International Governance on Carbon Tariff and Its Vacuum in International Regime

2013 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 1350008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mou WANG
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
International Governance ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Climate Governance ◽  
Emission Quota ◽  
Carbon Tariff

Drawing on the idea that countries are eligible to implement differentiated emission reduction policies based on their respective capabilities, some parties of UNFCCC attempt to weaken the principle of “Common but differentiated responsibilities(CBDR)” and impose carbon tariff on international trade. This initiative is in fact another camouflage to burden developing countries with emission cut obligation, which has no doubt undermined the development rights of developing countries. This paper defines Carbon Tariff as border measures that target import goods with embodied carbon emission. It can be import tariffs or other domestic tax measures that adjust border tax, which includes plain import tariffs and export rebates, border tax adjustment, emission quota and permit etc. For some developed countries, carbon tariffs mean to sever trade protectionism and to build trade barriers. Its theoretical arguments like “loss of comparative advantage”, “carbon leakage decreases environmental effectiveness” and “theoretical model bases” are pseudo-propositions without international consensus. Carbon tariff has become an intensively debated issue due to its duality of climate change and trade, but neither UNFCCC nor WTO has clarified this issue or has indicated a clear statement in this regard. As a result, it allows some parties to take advantage of this loophole and escape its international climate change obligation. Carbon tariff is an issue arising from global climate governance. To promote the cooperation of global climate governance and safeguard the social and economic development of developing countries, a fair and justified climate change regime and international trade institution should be established, and the settlement of the carbon tariff issue should be addressed within these frameworks. This paper argues that the international governance of carbon tariff should in cooperation with other international agreements; however, principles and guidelines regarding this issue should be developed under the UNFCCC. Based on these principles and guidelines, WTO can develop related technical operation provisions.

"Green Trade Protectionism": An Analysis of Three New Issues that Affect Developing Countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
pp. 1450016 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Victoria LOTTICI ◽  
Carlos GALPERÍN ◽  
Julia HOPPSTOCK
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Environmental Goods ◽  
Social Legitimacy ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Many ◽  
Change Response

The environment is increasingly being used to justify protectionist measures that enjoy greater social legitimacy. Over the last few years, new issues have emerged in relation to this, and three of them are analysed in this paper: green growth and green economy, climate change response measures, and the liberalization of environmental goods and services. These new issues are being used both to apply barriers to goods and services coming from developing countries and to improve the market access of developed countries' exports of industrial products. All this amounts to "green protectionism" which is aimed at improving the trade balance of developed countries, particularly in relation to developing countries. In the many fora where these topics are being discussed, Argentina states that these issues should neither result in green protectionism nor encourage policies that constitute disguised restrictions on international trade, which is inconsistent with the multilateral trading system and with international environmental law, and in particular with the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities.

scholarly journals ALTERNATIVE NUMERAIRES FOR MEASURING WELFARE CHANGES: REVIEW OF EMPIRICAL ENVIRONMENTAL VALUATION STUDIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhmad Solikin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Environmental Valuation ◽  
Environmental Values ◽  
Budget Constraint ◽  
Environmental Goods ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Welfare Changes ◽  
Environmental Goods And Services ◽  
Alternative Metrics

This study examines numeraire or an account unit that measures household welfare changes. Although money metric usually determines budget constraint, textbook explanations of the alternative metrics are limited. Therefore, the study aimed to fill the existing gap by systematically and qualitatively analysing previously published articles on environmental valuation in developing countries. The results showed the existence of alternative numeraires in working time, commodities, and financing. The alternative metrics are useful in the valuation of environmental goods and services in developing countries, especially those involving poor respondents and underdeveloped monetary transactions. The nonmonetary payments reduce zero bids due to the inability of subsistence people to pay in cash and help the poor express their true environmental values.

scholarly journals Climate Change Issues in BRICS Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Nayyer Rahman ◽  
Abdul M. Turay ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Climate Protection ◽  
Climate Change Policies ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
The Status ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
The Government

Climate change has emerged as one of the discussions where more is discussed and very less is implemented. People wait for actions to be taken by the government or multilateral organizations but seldom do they capture the developments going on. Several initiatives have been taken by individual countries as well as countries forming groups or conglomerates to tackle the challenges of climate change. This is true for BRICS as well. BRICS countries share the idea of climate protection but are sceptical of the policies passed by developed countries. BRICS as a forum of developing countries challenging the status quo of climate change policies has emerged to formulate its own climate change policies and initiatives in the light of BRICS discussions. The present study is aimed to capture the BRICS climate change policies and initiatives with a descriptive approach.

The TRIPS Patent Protection Provisions and Their Effects on Transferring Climate Change Technologies to LDCs and Poor Developing Countries: A Critical Appraisal

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khorsed ZAMAN
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Green Technologies ◽  
Compulsory Licensing

Despite the existence of almost eighty international agreements and legal instruments, there has not been a marked development in the transfer of climate change technologies to poor and the least developing countries. This article investigates the role of intellectual property rights (IPDs) and scrutinizes the effects of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) on the transfer of these technologies. It explores the TRIPS patent protection provisions and examines the associated flexibilities like compulsory licensing and parallel import options in the context of the transfer of climate change technologies. It finally concludes that the TRIPS patent protection rules, including the existing flexibilities, are one of the biggest impediments to the transfer of these technologies to poor and least developed countries. New agreements or promises on the transfer of green technologies would be fruitless if these TRIPS rules are not amended.

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