MARINE HARDBOTTOM ENVIRONMENTS IN THE BEACHES OF CEARÁ STATE, EQUATORIAL COAST OF BRAZIL

This paper is a literature review on marine hardbottom environments (MHE) that emerge in coastal regions in the Brazilian state of Ceará. This stretch of the Brazilian coast houses several rock formations, which are widely distributed in the intertidal zone. These formations have various origins and composition, ranging from crystalline rocks to biogenic structures, but most are composed by sandstones. These substrates support biodiverse ecosystems that produce valuable environmental goods and services, which have historical and socioeconomic relevance for the state. Despite their importance, they are currently threatened by various types of local and global stressors, and a consistent government effort to protect them is still lacking. There are many knowledge gaps regarding these formations and new studies are needed to support conservation actions involving these ecosystems. Keywords: reef, beachrock, sandstone, intertidal zone, benthos

Racionalidad y Justicia Ambiental: La Elusiva Injusticia de la Vida

Law is not justice, says the Manifesto for Life. The justice system established in modernity (the legality of a positive law) does not manage to contain the will to dominate exercised by the ontological regime of modernity over the degradation of life and to adjust human behavior within the conditions of life. . Environmental justice transcends the order of the economy (even of the ecological economy) as a mechanism of the social distribution of human justice of environmental goods and services of nature, to institute another idea of ​​fairness under the principles of human dignity and in the immanence of life. Environmental justice seeks to establish a criterion of fairness for the construction of other possible worlds based on the principles that sustain the disjunctive category of environmental rationality: an ontology of the diversity of life, a politics of difference, and ethics of otherness.

ALTERNATIVE NUMERAIRES FOR MEASURING WELFARE CHANGES: REVIEW OF EMPIRICAL ENVIRONMENTAL VALUATION STUDIES

This study examines numeraire or an account unit that measures household welfare changes. Although money metric usually determines budget constraint, textbook explanations of the alternative metrics are limited. Therefore, the study aimed to fill the existing gap by systematically and qualitatively analysing previously published articles on environmental valuation in developing countries. The results showed the existence of alternative numeraires in working time, commodities, and financing. The alternative metrics are useful in the valuation of environmental goods and services in developing countries, especially those involving poor respondents and underdeveloped monetary transactions. The nonmonetary payments reduce zero bids due to the inability of subsistence people to pay in cash and help the poor express their true environmental values.

The Valuation of Environmental Goods and Services

Chapter 5 introduces the concept of value, and the methods used to obtain estimates of the value of scarce environmental goods and services—particularly the provision, cultural, and regulating ecosystem services. It discusses the concept of social opportunity cost, and shows how the concept informs our understanding of the trade-offs involved in application of the equimarginal principle. It clarifies the relation between the income and substitution effects of changes in value, compensating and equivalent variation, and the willingness to pay or willingness to accept. Valuation methods discussed include both revealed preference (travel cost, averting behavior, hedonic price, production function, replacement cost) and stated preference (contingent valuation, contingent behavior, choice modeling) approaches. The valuation of biodiversity is approached through the regulating ecosystem services, using a portfolio approach to the management of uncertainty. The chapter shows how managers may select which species to conserve so as to balance environmental risk and the benefits from ecosystems.

NPP: Protecting the environment

Nuclear energy is a good option for the environment, but the potential for NPP to harm the environment is still evident. Safety is used by NPP to protect its environment. Low environmental risk was demonstrated, but the last two accidents resulted in disaster. Environmental protection parties need to participate in reducing environmental hazards of NPP by knowing why NPP is harmful and how to compensate. The perspective of protecting the environment is needed. An exploratory study of NPP’s environmental protection was conducted to obtain answers. Publications from institutions engaged in NPP and expert opinions are sources of information. The results obtained indicate that there is optimism on the success of confining fission products, but very little control has been done on the quantity. No environmental protection is carried out when accidents occur, so environmental goods and services are sacrificed. Human protection is the focus. References to environmental radiological protection are still limited to animal and plant species and have not touched environmental goods and services. This allows for an imbalance between the potential radiological load of the NPP and the environmental capacity. It is necessary to develop the idea that NPP is not significantly dangerous in an accident.

Research of consumer behavior in environmental marketing

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the prospects of Ukraine's accession to the European Green Course and the resulting need to intensify efforts to form and constantly increase demand for environmental goods and services. A significant role in this issue is given to environmental marketing, namely – the study of consumer behavior of environmental goods and services, environmental market segmentation, selection of target groups and development of marketing strategies for each of them. Much attention is paid to these issues in our work. The article also contains a theoretical analysis of different approaches to the formation of a model of consumer behavior of environmental goods and services. We focused on the peculiarities of the application in environmental marketing of economic, psychological and social approaches to the formation of behavioral patterns of different groups of consumers in relation to the environmental friendliness of goods. We also considered the features of marketing strategies to attract different groups of "green" consumers and the main tools of environmental orientation of the consumption structure. Last one include eco-labeling, eco-branding, consumer information orientation on sustainable products, editing consumer choices and nudge. We made a conclusion that consumers of ecological goods should be considered as a dynamic structure that is constantly changing based on the growing awareness of buyers and their understanding of the problems of sustainable development and requires constant monitoring. In Ukraine, "green buyers" can be an excellent target group of high-value market segment, which is not yet sufficiently developed. The use of environmental marketing tools will help direct consumer demand for sustainable products and stimulate the development of environmental entrepreneurship.

ANALISIS NILAI EKONOMI PERIKANAN SETU PATOK DESA SETU PATOK, KECAMATAN MUNDU, KABUPATEN CIREBON

Setu Patok is a small lake located in Setu Patok Village, Mundu Sub District, Cirebon Districts, West Java Province. Currently it is used as a source of agricultural irrigation, fishing ground, and tourism object. However, all these uses have not been carried out optimally. In this study, the benefits studied were only devoted to fishery utilization in order to find out the Setu Patok Fisheries Economic Value (NEP). The study uses the Production Function Approach or Market Based Aproach method, which measures the value of environmental goods and services based on market value. The study used primary data through direct interviews with fishermen. As a result, it was found that the Setu Patok NEP was IDR 421,494,000/year.Setu Patok adalah sebuah danau kecil yang berada di Desa Setu Patok, Kecamatan Mundu, Kabupaten Cirebon, Provinsi Jawa Barat. Saat ini dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber irigasi pertanian, perikanan tangkap dan objek wisata. Namun, semua pemanfaatan tersebut belum dilakukan secara optimal. Dalam penelitian ini, manfaat yang diteliti dikhususkan hanya pada manfaat langsung khususnya perikanan tangkap dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui Nilai Ekonomi Perikanan (NEP) Setu Patok. Penelitian menggunakan metode Production Function Approach atau Market Based Aproach yaitu mengukur nilai barang dan jasa lingkungan berdasarkan nilai pasar. Penelitian menggunakan data primer melalui wawancara langsung dengan para nelayan. Hasilnya, didapat bahwa NEP Setu Patok adalah sebesar Rp 421.494.000/tahun.