Earmarked paternity leave and the relative income within couples

Using three definitions of the middle class (MC) and the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement surveys from 2004 to 2014, we estimated the size of the MC and examined the correlates and consumption patterns of the MC for Pakistan. According to the absolute income, relative income and asset–ownership definitions, the MC grew by 16%, 8%, and 10%, respectively, from 2004 to 2014. The results of the biprobit model showed that the probability of entering the MC was associated with higher education, urban residence and non-agricultural employment. Additionally, the MC was associated with greater consumption of ordinary and luxury goods.

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The deresidualisation of social housing in England: change in the relative income, employment status and social class of social housing tenants since the 1990s

Housing Studies ◽

10.1080/02673037.2021.1902952 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-21

Author(s):

Becky Tunstall

Keyword(s):

Social Class ◽

Social Housing ◽

Employment Status ◽

Relative Income

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Explaining New Patterns in Family Leave Policies in Latin America: Competing Visions and Facilitating Institutions

Latin American Politics and Society ◽

10.1017/lap.2021.7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. 100-121

Author(s):

Marisa Hawley ◽

Matthew E. Carnes

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Family Policy ◽

Maternity Leave ◽

Family Leave ◽

Political Landscape ◽

Paternity Leave ◽

Original Dataset ◽

The Family ◽

Policy Measures ◽

Family Leave Policies

ABSTRACTRecent years have seen the rapid passage and modification of family leave policies in Latin America, a surprising trend, given the region’s historically conservative gender norms. This article argues that the rise of new paternity leave policies—as well as the modifications to longer-standing maternity leave policies—reflects contending visions of gender and the family, mediated by the institutions and actors that populate the region’s political landscape. Using an original dataset of family policy measures, this article finds that the factors facilitating the adoption of new, vanguard policies, such as paternity leave, function in ways different from those that shape the expansion of longer-standing policies, including maternity leave.

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