Demographic Variation in Health Insurance Coverage: United States, 2020

This report presents national estimates of different types of health insurance coverage and lack of coverage (uninsured). Estimates are presented by selected sociodemographic characteristics, including age, sex, race and Hispanic origin, family income, education level, employment status, and marital status.

Relationship between housing insecurity, diabetes processes of care, and self-care behaviors

Background The aim of this analysis was to examine the influence of housing insecurity on diabetes processes of care and self-care behaviors and determine if that relationship varied by employment status or race/ethnicity. Methods Using nationally representative data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2014-2015), 16,091 individuals were analyzed for the cross-sectional study. Housing insecurity was defined as how often respondents reported being worried or stressed about having enough money to pay rent/mortgage. Following unadjusted logistic models testing interactions between housing insecurity and either employment or race/ethnicity on diabetes processes of care and self-care behaviors, stratified models were adjusted for demographics, socioeconomic status, health insurance status, and comorbidity count. Results 38.1% of adults with diabetes reported housing insecurity. Those reporting housing insecurity who were employed were less likely to have a physicians visit (0.58, 95%CI 0.37,0.92), A1c check (0.45, 95%CI 0.26,0.78), and eye exam (0.61, 95%CI 0.44,0.83), while unemployed individuals were less likely to have a flu vaccine (0.84, 95%CI 0.70,0.99). Housing insecure White adults were less likely to receive an eye exam (0.67, 95%CI 0.54,0.83), flu vaccine (0.84, 95%CI 0.71,0.99) or engage in physical activity (0.82, 95%CI 0.69,0.96), while housing insecure Non-Hispanic Black adults were less likely to have a physicians visit (0.56, 95%CI 0.32,0.99). Conclusions Housing insecurity had an influence on diabetes processes of care and self-care behaviors, and this relationship varied by employment status and race/ethnicity. Diabetes interventions should incorporate discussion surrounding housing insecurity and consider differences in the impact by demographic factors on diabetes care.

Research Note: Gender Differences in Employment During the COVID-19 Epidemic

We investigate the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on gender disparities in three employment outcomes: labor force participation, full-time employment, and unemployment. Using data from the monthly Current Population Survey, in this research note we test individual fixed-effects models to examine the employment status of women relative to that of men in the nine months following the onset of the epidemic in March of 2020. We also test separate models to examine differences between women and men based on the presence of young children. Because the economic effects of the epidemic coincided with the summer months, when women's employment often declines, we account for seasonality in women's employment status. After doing so, we find that women's full-time employment did not decline significantly relative to that of men during the months following the beginning of the epidemic. Gender gaps in unemployment and labor force participation did increase, however, in the early and later months of the year, respectively. Our findings regarding women's labor force participation and employment have implications for our understanding of the long-term effects of the health crisis on other demographic outcomes.

Lone mothers and child support receipt in 21 European countries

With increasing trends in divorce, separation and multi-partner fertility, more families have become subject to child support policies. This paper explores child support receipt in 21 European countries using 2017–2018 European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions data. We investigated: (1) cross-country differences in the prevalence and amount of child support received and (2) the determinants of child support receipt among lone mothers across countries. We found that the proportion of lone-mother families receiving child support ranged from 16 per cent in Luxembourg to 75 per cent in the Czech Republic, with large variations in the amount of child support received. Our results suggested that the socioeconomic characteristics of lone mothers, including marital status, education, employment status, number of children and income, were associated with the likelihood of receiving child support in most countries but these associations varied significantly across countries.

Examining the Impact of Employment Status on Sleep Quality During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Two Low-Income Neighborhoods in Pittsburgh, PA

Study Objectives African Americans have faced disproportionate socioeconomic and health consequences associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The current study examines employment and its association with sleep quality during the initial months of the pandemic in a low-income, predominantly African American adult sample. Methods In the early months of COVID-19 (March to May 2020), we administered a survey to an ongoing, longitudinal cohort of older adults to assess the impact of COVID-related changes in employment on self-reported sleep quality (N=460; 93.9% African American). Participants had prior sleep quality assessed in 2018 and a subset also had sleep quality assessed in 2013 and 2016. Primary analyses focused on the prevalence of poor sleep quality and changes in sleep quality between 2018 and 2020, according to employment status. Financial strain and prior income were assessed as moderators of the association between employment status and sleep quality. We plotted trend lines showing sleep quality from 2013 to 2020 in a subset (n=339) with all four waves of sleep data available. Results All participants experienced increases in poor sleep quality between 2018 and 2020, with no statistical differences between the employment groups. However, we found some evidence of moderation by financial strain and income. The trend analysis demonstrated increases in poor sleep quality primarily between 2018 and 2020. Conclusions Sleep quality worsened during the pandemic among low-income African American adults. Policies to support the financially vulnerable and marginalized populations could benefit sleep quality.

PENGARUH LAMA JAM KERJA PADA IBU BEKERJA TERHADAP PEMBERIAN ASI EKSKLUSIF

Exclusive breastfeeding (according to WHO) is breastfeeding only for infants up to 6 months of age without additional fluids or other foods. Exclusive breastfeeding is giving only breast milk without other food and drinks. Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first 6 months of life (WHO, 2005). Background: Breastfeeding in Indonesia has not been fully implemented and there is still very low level of exclusive breastfeeding, especially for working mothers. From the results of observations made by researchers, data was obtained that 8 out of 10 working mothers who breastfeed (babies aged 6-12 months) do not exclusively breastfeed their babies, and 9 out of 10 non-working mothers who breastfeed (babies aged 6-12 months) giving exclusive breastfeeding to the baby. Purpose: To determine the relationship between employment status and exclusive breastfeeding. Methods: This type of research is analytic with a cross sectional approach, with job status as the independent variable and exclusive breastfeeding as the dependent variable, using 21 samples. Result: This research was conducted using quantitative methods, namely by distributing a form in the form of a g-form so that it can be concluded that there is a relationship between long working hours for working mothers and exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusion: there is a relationship between work status and exclusive breastfeeding.

The Health Status of Labor Force in East Kalimantan Province: Effect of Individual Characteristics and Household Conditions

The aims of this research are first, to explore the factors that are associated with health status. Second, to address the individual characteristics and household conditions that affect the health status of labor force, taking into account the urban-rural differences. This research utilized data from SUSENAS Cor 2018, and employed a cross sectional - multinomial logistic regression analysis method. The dependent variable is the health conditions of the labor force. The findings show that, age and number of household members were significant for both sick and very sick health status in all two type of areas analyzed. In urban and rural areas simultaneously gender, expenditure per capita, and drinking water were only significant for sick health group while marital status, education, employment status, sanitation, house area was only significant for very sick health status group. In urban areas, the results indicated that gender, employment status, and drinking water were only significant for sick health status, while marital status, education, sanitation, and house area significant for very sick health status. Moreover, in rural areas, marital status was only significant for sick health status whereas, sanitation and house area were significant for the very sick health status.

Emerging Platform Work in the Context of the Regulatory Loophole (The Uber Fiasco in Hungary)

Platform works are swiftly turning into a big, perhaps game-changing force in the labor market. From low-skilled, low-paid services (like passenger transport) to high-skilled, high-paying project-based labor (like developing artificial intelligence algorithms), digital platforms can handle a wide range of tasks. Our paper discusses the platform-based content, working conditions, employment status, and advocacy problems. Terminological and methodological problems are dealt with in-depth in the course of the literature review, together with the ‘gray areas’ of work and employment regulation. To examine some of the complex dynamics of this fast-evolving arena, we focus on the unsuccessful market entry of the digital platform company Uber in Hungary 2016 and the relationship to institutional-regulatory platform-based work standards. Dilemmas about the enforcement of labor law regarding platform-based work are also paid special attention to the study. Employing a digital workforce is a challenge not only for labor law regulation but also for stakeholder advocacy.

Employment status at transplant influences ethnic disparities in outcomes after deceased donor kidney transplantation

Background African American (AA) recipients of deceased-donor (DD) kidney transplants (KT) have shorter allograft survival than recipients of other ethnic groups. Reasons for this disparity encompass complex interactions between donors and recipients characteristics. Methods Outcomes from 3872 AA and 19,719 European American (EA) DDs who had one kidney transplanted in an AA recipient and one in an EA recipient were analyzed. Four donor/recipient pair groups (DRP) were studied, AA/AA, AA/EA, EA/AA, and EA/EA. Survival random forests and Cox proportional hazard models were fitted to rank and evaluate modifying effects of DRP on variables associated with allograft survival. These analyses sought to identify factors contributing to the observed disparities in transplant outcomes among AA and EA DDKT recipients. Results Transplant era, discharge serum creatinine, delayed graft function, and DRP were among the top predictors of allograft survival and mortality among DDKT recipients. Interaction effects between DRP with the kidney donor risk index and transplant era showed significant improvement in allograft survival over time in EA recipients. However, AA recipients appeared to have similar or poorer outcomes for DDKT performed after 2010 versus before 2001; allograft survival hazard ratios (95% CI) were 1.15 (0.74, 1.76) and 1.07 (0.8, 1.45) for AA/AA and EA/AA, compared to 0.62 (0.54, 0.71) and 0.5 (0.41, 0.62) for EA/EA and AA/EA DRP, respectively. Recipient mortality improved over time among all DRP, except unemployed AA/AAs. Relative to DDKT performed pre-2001, employed AA/AAs had HR = 0.37 (0.2, 0.69) versus 0.59 (0.31, 1.11) for unemployed AA/AA after 2010. Conclusion Relative to DDKT performed before 2001, similar or worse overall DCAS was observed among AA/AAs, while EA/EAs experienced considerable improvement regardless of employment status, KDRI, and EPTS. AA recipients of an AA DDKT, especially if unemployed, had worse allograft survival and mortality and did not appear to benefit from advances in care over the past 20 years.

Seroprevalence and Molecular Detection of Influenza A Virus (H1N1) in Sulaimani Governorate-Iraq

Influenza A (H1N1) virus is now rapidly scattering across the world. Early detection is one of the most effective measures to stop the further spread of the virus. The current study was aimed to detect influenza A (H1N1) serologically and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. From September 2020 to June 2021, three hundred nasopharyngeal swabs and blood samples were collected from Hiwa and Shahid Tahir Hospitals in Sulaimani city. Obtained results revealed that 23.3% of the tested patients were seropositive anti-IgG for Influenza A, while 13.3% showed anti-IgM seropositive results although 10% of the tested cases were with both anti-IgG and anti-IgM seropositive results. Gender, residency, and flu symptoms showed no significant relations with seropositive results (p<0.05) whereas valuable relations were found between seropositive observations and smoking, the previous history of chronic diseases as well as employment status (p<0.05). It was concluded that hematologic investigations (CBC) were not dependable if H1N1 diagnosis and detection. Only 1% of the tested samples showed positive results for influenza A (H1N1) RNA using reverse transcription-PCR.