The paper examines both the time-varying price and volatility transmission between US natural gas and crude oil wholesale markets, over the period 1990–2017. Short iterations suggest that neither commodity determines other’s returns, but sub-periods with very short-lived causal relationships exist. It can be asserted that the markets are decoupled, where unconventional production further enhances the already established commodities’ independence. Using Momentum Threshold Autoregressive (MTAR) cointegration methodology, we find evidence of positive asymmetry from crude oil to natural gas prices, i.e., oil price increases cause faster adjustments to natural gas prices than decreases. We also find that an 1% change of oil price has positive and significantly larger long-term impact (between 0.01% to 0.02%) to the gas price, compared to the negligible impact of gas to oil. Volatility transmission is examined using the Dynamic Conditional Covariance (DCC)-Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) methodology, presenting their time-varying correlation. Results show that both commodities influence each other’s volatility at the aggregate level. Finally, we conclude that both regional commodity markets are liquid and integrated, where the market fundamentals drive their price formulation. However, although markets are decoupled and not appropriate for perfect hedging of each other, the existence of bidirectional volatility transmission and their substitutability might be useful for diversified portfolio allocation.
Forecasting natural gas prices using highly flexible time-varying parameter models
