Comparison of in-plane and out-of-plane failure modes of masonry arch bridges using discontinuum analysis

ABSTRACTWhen dealing with ice structure interaction modeling, such as designs for offshore structures/icebreakers or predicting ice cover’s bearing capacity for transportation, it is essential to determine the most important failure modes of ice. Structural properties, ice material properties, ice-structure interaction processes, and ice sheet geometries have significant effect on failure modes. In this paper two most frequently observed failure modes are studied; splitting failure mode for in-plane failure of finite ice sheet and out-of-plane failure of semi-infinite ice sheet. Peridynamic theory was used to determine the load necessary for inplane failure of a finite ice sheet. Moreover, the relationship between radial crack initiation load and measured out-of-plane failure load for a semi-infinite ice sheet is established. To achieve this, two peridynamic models are developed. First model is a 2 dimensional bond based peridynamic model of a plate with initial crack used for the in-plane case. Second model is based on a Mindlin plate resting on a Winkler elastic foundation formulation for out-of-plane case. Numerical results obtained using peridynamics are compared against experimental results and a good agreement between the two approaches is obtained confirming capability of peridynamics for predicting in-plane and out-of-plane failure of ice sheets.

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Environmental and Economic Impact of Retrofitting Techniques to Prevent Out-of-Plane Failure Modes of Unreinforced Masonry Buildings

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su132011383 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (20) ◽

pp. 11383

Author(s):

Linda Giresini ◽

Claudia Casapulla ◽

Pietro Croce

Keyword(s):

Environmental Impact ◽

Failure Modes ◽

Energy Savings ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Masonry Buildings ◽

Plane Failure ◽

Seismic Displacement ◽

Cost Curves ◽

Integrated Intervention ◽

Out Of Plane

This paper presents an innovative methodology to assess the economic and environmental impact of integrated interventions, namely solutions that improve both structural and energy performance of existing masonry buildings, preventing out-of-plane modes and increasing their energy efficiency. The procedure allows the assessment of the environmental and the economic normalized costs of each integrated intervention, considering seismic and energy-saving indicators. In addition, the work introduces in relative or absolute terms two original indicators, associated with seismic displacement and thermal transmittance. The iso-cost curves so derived are thus a powerful tool to compare alternative solutions, aiming to identify the most advantageous one. In fact, iso-cost curves can be used with a twofold objective: to determine the optimal integrated intervention associated with a given economic/environmental impact, or, as an alternative, to derive the pairs of seismic and energy performance indicators associated with a given budget. The analysis of a somehow relevant case study reveals that small energy savings could imply excessive environmental impacts, disproportionally increasing the carbon footprint characterizing each intervention. Iso-cost curves in terms of absolute indicators are more suitable for assessing the effects of varying acceleration demands on a given building, while iso-cost curves in terms of relative indicators are more readable to consider a plurality of cases, located in different sites. The promising results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method, stimulating further studies.

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Discrete-continuum approach to assess 3D failure modes of masonry arch bridges

IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management ◽

10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0570 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Bora Pulatsu ◽

Ece Erdogmus

Keyword(s):

Failure Modes ◽

Continuum Approach ◽

Masonry Arch ◽

Arch Bridges

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Numerical Simulation of Unreinforced Masonry Buildings with Timber Diaphragms

Buildings ◽

10.3390/buildings11050205 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 205

Author(s):

Igor Tomić ◽

Francesco Vanin ◽

Ivana Božulić ◽

Katrin Beyer

Keyword(s):

Failure Modes ◽

Unreinforced Masonry ◽

Masonry Walls ◽

Masonry Buildings ◽

Seismic Behaviour ◽

Plane Failure ◽

Friction Resistance ◽

Flexible Diaphragms ◽

Out Of Plane ◽

Equivalent Frame

Though flexible diaphragms play a role in the seismic behaviour of unreinforced masonry buildings, the effect of the connections between floors and walls is rarely discussed or explicitly modelled when simulating the response of such buildings. These flexible diaphragms are most commonly timber floors made of planks and beams, which are supported on recesses in the masonry walls and can slide when the friction resistance is reached. Using equivalent frame models, we capture the effects of both the diaphragm stiffness and the finite strength of wall-to-diaphragm connections on the seismic behaviour of unreinforced masonry buildings. To do this, we use a newly developed macro-element able to simulate both in-plane and out-of-plane behaviour of the masonry walls and non-linear springs to simulate wall-to-wall and wall-to-diaphragm connections. As an unretrofitted case study, we model a building on a shake table, which developed large in-plane and out-of-plane displacements. We then simulate three retrofit interventions: Retrofitted diaphragms, connections, and diaphragms and connections. We show that strengthening the diaphragm alone is ineffective when the friction capacity of the wall-to-diaphragm connection is exceeded. This also means that modelling an unstrengthened wall-to-diaphragm connection as having infinite stiffness and strength leads to unrealistic box-type behaviour. This is particularly important if the equivalent frame model should capture both global in-plane and local out-of-plane failure modes.

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Numerical Prediction of Failure in Unidirectional Fiber Reinforced Composite

International Journal of Applied Mechanics ◽

10.1142/s1758825121500733 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 2150073

Author(s):

Ignacio Valdivia ◽

Cristian Canales ◽

Víctor Tuninetti ◽

Paulo Flores ◽

Carlos Medina

Keyword(s):

Failure Modes ◽

Transverse Isotropy ◽

Failure Criteria ◽

Reinforced Composites ◽

Fiber Reinforced ◽

Plane Failure ◽

Fiber Reinforced Composite ◽

Unidirectional Fiber ◽

Reinforced Composite ◽

Out Of Plane

Fiber-reinforced polymer composites exhibit orthotropic mechanical properties and particularly low strength in the out-of-plane direction. The use of classical failure criteria that consider transverse isotropy to evaluate these composite materials implies an overestimation of their out-of-plane strength, which could lead to a nonconservative and even catastrophic design. The Molker failure criteria developed for orthotropic materials consider the LaRC05 failure modes as a basis, with two additional failure modes for the out-of-plane direction of noncrimp fiber (NCF)-reinforced composites. Given the similarity in configuration and orthotropic behavior of unidirectional fiber fabric reinforced composites to NCF-reinforced composites, Molker failure criteria are implemented and applied in this research to determine the initiation of out-of-plane failure in unidirectional fiberglass fabric composites. The criteria are programmed in the form of a module coupled to a constitutive model available in a finite element method (FEM) package. Then, the mechanical properties and failure parameters of the unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite are determined. Model validation is accomplished by comparing numerical and experimental results of out-of-plane failure in a corrugated panel. In addition, several failure criteria used in unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite that consider transverse isotropy are evaluated. The results of critical load at the onset of transverse out-of-plane failure obtained by using the Molkerorthotropic criterion prove to be superior in accuracy compared to those obtained with the criteria commonly applied to this type of materials.

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Comparison of Failure Modes of Piping Systems With Wall Thinning Subjected to In-Plane, Out-of-Plane, and Mixed Mode Bending Under Seismic Load: An Experimental Approach

Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology ◽

10.1115/1.4001517 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 132 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Izumi Nakamura ◽

Akihito Otani ◽

Masaki Shiratori

Keyword(s):

Dynamic Behavior ◽

Failure Modes ◽

Seismic Load ◽

Piping System ◽

Shake Table ◽

Shake Table Tests ◽

Wall Thinning ◽

Piping Systems ◽

Out Of Plane ◽

Plane Bending

Pressurized piping systems used for an extended period may develop degradations such as wall thinning or cracks due to aging. It is important to estimate the effects of degradation on the dynamic behavior and to ascertain the failure modes and remaining strength of the piping systems with degradation through experiments and analyses to ensure the seismic safety of degraded piping systems under destructive seismic events. In order to investigate the influence of degradation on the dynamic behavior and failure modes of piping systems with local wall thinning, shake table tests using 3D piping system models were conducted. About 50% full circumferential wall thinning at elbows was considered in the test. Three types of models were used in the shake table tests. The difference of the models was the applied bending direction to the thinned-wall elbow. The bending direction considered in the tests was either of the in-plane bending, out-of-plane bending, or mixed bending of the in-plane and out-of-plane. These models were excited under the same input acceleration until failure occurred. Through these tests, the vibration characteristic and failure modes of the piping models with wall thinning under seismic load were obtained. The test results showed that the out-of-plane bending is not significant for a sound elbow, but should be considered for a thinned-wall elbow, because the life of the piping models with wall thinning subjected to out-of-plane bending may reduce significantly.

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Transverse prestressing and reinforced concrete as the key to restoration of masonry arch bridges

Engineering Structures ◽

10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112898 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 245 ◽

pp. 112898

Author(s):

Ladislav Klusáček ◽

Radim Nečas ◽

Michal Požár ◽

Robin Pěkník ◽

Adam Svoboda

Keyword(s):

Reinforced Concrete ◽

Masonry Arch ◽

Arch Bridges

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Stiffened Hangers: an Often Overlooked Tool for Conceptual Design of Tied-Arch Footbridges

10.24904/footbridge2022.049 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Juan José Jorquera-Lucerga ◽

Juan Manuel GARCÍA-GUERRERO

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Structural Response ◽

Bending Moments ◽

Structural Element ◽

Axial Forces ◽

Limited Effectiveness ◽

Out Of Plane ◽

Arch Bridges ◽

Fixed End

<p>In tied-arch bridges, the way the arch and the deck are connected may become crucial. The deck is usually suspended from hangers made out of steel pinned cables capable of resisting axial forces only. However, a proper structural response, (both in-plane and out-of-plane) may be ensured by fixing and stiffening the hangers in order to resist, additionally, shear forces and bending moments. This paper studies the effect of different pinned and stiffened hanger arrangements on the structural behavior of the tied-arch footbridges, with the intention of providing designers with useful tools at the early steps of design. As a major conclusion, regarding the in-plane behavior, hangers composed of cables (either with vertical, Nielsen-Löhse or network arrangements) are recommended due to its low cost and ease of erection. Alternatively, longitudinally stiffened hangers, fixed at both ends, can be used. Regarding the out-of-plane behavior, and in addition to three-dimensional arrangements of cables, of limited effectiveness, transversally stiffened hangers fixed at both ends are the most efficient arrangement. A configuration almost as efficient can be achieved by locating a hinge at the end corresponding to the most flexible structural element (normally the arch). Its efficiency is further improved if the cross-section tapers from the fixed end to the pinned end.</p>

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