Three-dimensional (3-D) flowfield data has been obtained using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Information on selected intermediate flame generated species that mark the flame front and heat release rate has been obtained using optical emission spectroscopy (OES). Instantaneous images on the spatial distribution of OH, CH, and C2 species from within the flames have been obtained using an ICCD camera and narrow band interference filters. The instantaneous images are then integrated to obtain time-averaged information. The PIV and OES diagnostics are employed for varying swirl distributions in the burner. The 3-D data also allows one determine the local swirl number of the resulting flow. Flow characteristics of the resulting flowfield, both without and with combustion, have been examined for the effect of co- and counter-swirl under lean direct injection conditions using unconfined and confined combustor geometry. The OES diagnostics provides information on the spatial distribution of desired species as affected by flame confinement and swirl distribution in flames. Experimental results of the effect of swirl and combustion are presented to simulate the flow dynamics of Lean Direct Injection (LDI) configuration gas turbine combustion. The selected configuration is typical because it does not make use a premixing zone and relies totally on the swirl and the injector to accomplish rapid mixing. Specifically, the effect of radial distribution of combustion air and swirl in a burner are examined under non-burning and burning conditions using propane as the fuel. The present study explores single swirler interaction with the use of an experimental double concentric swirl burner that simulates one swirler of a practical gas turbine combustor. Results showed that both swirl and combustion has significant effect on the characteristics of the internal and external recirculation zones. The calculated local swirl number differs significantly form that estimated using geometrical relationship derived from the vane angle only. The effect of combustion for the confined and unconfined geometries has also been found to be different. In the confined geometry combustion decreases the size of the recirculation zone. This is in contrast to that found for the unconfined conditions. Combustion enhances the recirculation zone in the unconfined geometry. Combustion provides greater velocity magnitudes than their counter noncombustion conditions. The counter-swirl combination resulted in smaller and better defined internal recirculation regions. OES results showed that swirl distribution affects the shape of the spatial distribution by spreading the high intensity regions radially outwards with the co-swirl configuration. Confinement increased the intensity and spatial distribution of the investigated species. The results provide the role of swirl, combustion and flame confinement on the mean and turbulence characteristics of flows over a range of swirl and shear conditions between the inner and outer flow of the burner. The results also provide important role on the flow and chemical behavior. This data provides important insights on the flow dynamics in addition to providing data for model validation and model development.
Internal Flow and Spray Characteristics of Pintle-Type Outwards Opening Piezo Injectors for Gasoline Direct-Injection Engines
