Background. There is mounting evidence that the central nervous system utilizes a modular approach for neuromuscular control of walking by activating groups of muscles in units termed muscle synergies. Examination of muscle synergies in clinical populations may provide insights into alteration of neuromuscular control underlying pathological gait patterns. Previous studies utilizing synergy analysis have reported reduced motor control complexity during walking in those with neurological deficits, revealing the potential clinical utility of this approach. Methods. We extracted muscle synergies on a stride-to-stride basis from 20 children with cerebral palsy (CP; Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I-II) and 8 children without CP, allowing the number of synergies to vary for each stride. Similar muscle synergies across all participants and strides were grouped using a k-means clustering and discriminant analysis. Results. In total, 10 clusters representing 10 distinct synergies were found across the 28 individuals. Relative to their total number of synergies deployed during walking, synergies from children with CP were present in a higher number of clusters than in children with typical development (TD), indicating significantly greater stride-to-stride variability. This increased variability was present despite reduced complexity, as measured by the mean number of synergies in each stride. Whereas children with CP demonstrate some novel synergies, they also deploy some of the same muscle synergies as those with TD, although less frequently and with more variability. Conclusion. A stride-by-stride approach to muscle synergy analysis expands its clinical utility and may provide a method to tailor rehabilitation strategies by revealing inconsistent but functional synergies in each child with CP.
Immediate effect of maximal treadmill walking on muscle fatigue and postural stability in children with cerebral palsy
