Constipation Caused by Anti-calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Migraine Therapeutics Explained by Antagonism of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide’s Motor-Stimulating and Prosecretory Function in the Intestine

The development of small-molecule calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists (gepants) and of monoclonal antibodies targeting the CGRP system has been a major advance in the management of migraine. In the randomized controlled trials before regulatory approval, the safety of these anti-CGRP migraine therapeutics was considered favorable and to stay within the expected profile. Post-approval real-world surveys reveal, however, constipation to be a major adverse event which may affect more than 50% of patients treated with erenumab (an antibody targeting the CGRP receptor), fremanezumab or galcanezumab (antibodies targeting CGRP). In this review article we address the question whether constipation caused by inhibition of CGRP signaling can be mechanistically deduced from the known pharmacological actions and pathophysiological implications of CGRP in the digestive tract. CGRP in the gut is expressed by two distinct neuronal populations: extrinsic primary afferent nerve fibers and distinct neurons of the intrinsic enteric nervous system. In particular, CGRP is a major messenger of enteric sensory neurons which in response to mucosal stimulation activate both ascending excitatory and descending inhibitory neuronal pathways that enable propulsive (peristaltic) motor activity to take place. In addition, CGRP is able to stimulate ion and water secretion into the intestinal lumen. The motor-stimulating and prosecretory actions of CGRP combine in accelerating intestinal transit, an activity profile that has been confirmed by the ability of CGRP to induce diarrhea in mice, dogs and humans. We therefore conclude that the constipation elicited by antibodies targeting CGRP or its receptor results from interference with the physiological function of CGRP in the small and large intestine in which it contributes to the maintenance of peristaltic motor activity, ion and water secretion and intestinal transit.

Motor activity of nursing students in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed all areas of human life and activity. A number of lifestyle changes associated with health risk factors have occurred, one of which is inactivity. The purpose of this study is to investigate the opinion of nursing students about their motor activity in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and methods: In our report, we have applied analysis of literary sources and a survey (on-line anonymous group survey). The opinion of 60 nursing students of second, third and fourth year at the Medical University – Varna was studied. The nurses received explanation for the purpose and methodology of the study, their anonymity was guaranteed, and their informed consent for the study was obtained. The study was conducted in August 2020–January 2021. Graphical analysis was used to visualize the observed processes and phenomena. To create the graphs, we used Microsoft Office Excel 2013. The data were processed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 19 statistical package. Results: The majority of the respondents shared that they had been less active compared to the time before the pandemic began. The search for alternatives for exercising and sports among students is hampered by a number of factors, which relate to the changes in the organization of life and educational activities associated with measures to stop the pandemic. Conclusion: The results of this study prove that the COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on the lifestyle of the nursing students - most of them have reduced their motor activity. The data highlights the need to find alternatives and strategies to reduce the inactivity.

The rates of middle molecules in the blood in rats with different motor activity in alcoholic and non alcoholic exerimental hepatosis

Alcohol use disorders affect millions of individuals worldwide. The impact of these facts lies in the elevated social and economic costs. Liver metabolizes 75-98 % of ethanol that enters the organism. If the level of alcohol in the liver cells exceeds its degradation rate, alcoholic liver disease develops. The aim of the study was to determine the peculiarities of hepatotoxicity after simulation of of ethanol hepatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis of high and low-motor active rats. Material and methods of investigation. The experiments were performed on on 72 white outbred male rats. The animals were divided into three groups: control, non-alkoholic hepatitis (NAH), ethanol hepatosis (EH). Each of group was subdivided – animals with high and low-motor activity (HA and LA). Contents of middle-mass molecules (MMM) were determined in the blood serum. Results. The analysis of the results shows that the levels of MMM in blood serum are increasing. Dystrophic changes that appear in a consequence of hypoxia are noted in NAH and EH. Both morphological and biochemical changes were more significant in HA animals. The degree of MMM accumulation depends on the severity of the pathology and motor activity of the animals. Less activity of MMM238 is observed in HA rats, which can be explained by the development of multi-organ pathology. Conclusions. During our investigations it was found the significant increasing of MMM levels in blood serum in rats with ethanol hepatosis and nonalkoholic hepatitis. The accumulation of MMM is not only a marker of endotoxication, they also increase the course of the pathological process, acquiring the roles of secondary toxins, affect the viability of all organs and systems. The degree of MMM accumulation depends on the moto activity of the animals and simulated pathology and is more significant in highly active animals, compared with low-active in the ethanol using. Less activity of MMM238 is observed in HA rats with EH, which can be explained by the development of multi-organ pathology, in particular, renal impairment. Morphological investigations showed that the grade of liver injury was more significant in HA rats.

PREPARATION OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION STUDENTS IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS FOR INTEGRATION AND SOCIALIZATION OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES BY ADAPTIVE MEANS

Adaptive physical culture and adaptive sports are the sphere of life in which the most successful is the socialization of disabled people and people with disabilities, their integration into society, the development of rehabilitation potential - as a set of biological capabilities of social abilities and psychological aspirations, improving the quality of life (Evseev, & Shapkova, 2000). Given the opportunities available in sports for social rehabilitation and integration of people with disabilities, in recent years, almost all over the world are developing active efforts to organize and develop adaptive sports among people with disabilities (Evseev, & Shapkova, 2000). In many developed countries, comprehensive programs of physical culture and sports work among the disabled, including children (Dmitriev, 2002).Comprehensive rehabilitation - as a process of ensuring the readiness of a person with health and disability to implement a lifestyle that would not contradict the lifestyle of healthy (normally developing) people requires the mandatory use of exercise adapted to a specific disease or defect of motor activity. Physical rehabilitation is the basis, the basis of any type of rehabilitation (social-labor, social-domestic, socio-cultural, etc.). This is due to the fact that man is indivisible biological, psychological and social, which are in the closest relationship and interaction. Human motor activity is embedded in genes and is associated with a fundamental property of a living organism - biological adaptation to living conditions and living conditions. However, modern living and working conditions have reduced to almost zero all human physical activity, created a situation of unclaimed physical condition.Hypodynamia and hypokinesia are indispensable attributes of modern civilized life have become one of the main factors causing the deterioration of public health. Reducing the volume and intensity of physical activity, low costs of muscular work, simplification and impoverishment of human motor activity leads to negative results in the functioning of both internal organs and systems of man and his psyche. And if a healthy person reduces his physical activity to an unacceptable level, then only he is to blame.The responsibility for forced hypodynamics and hypokinesia of children with disabilities, whose natural physical activity is limited and they need targeted assistance and special conditions, rests entirely with parents, doctors and other professionals, including adaptive physical education. The problem here is that in the mass consciousness and even among specialists (physicians, psychologists, representatives of traditional physical culture, etc.) the idea of the need for mandatory restriction of movement, motor activity in almost any disease, stereotypes of faith only in pharmacological and other medical means and methods of treatment and prevention, in omnipotent additives, stimulants, activators, fat burners, etc. This is due, on the one hand, the insufficient level of culture of society and the individual in the field of anthropology, its physicality and psyche, and on the other - the massive advertising campaigns of manufacturers of these goods.The scientific and medical literature examines in detail the other negative changes that occur in the human body due to hypodynamics and hypokinesia, from the cellular to the body level, describes in detail the so-called motorvisceral reflexes and other mechanisms of disease, the main cause of which there is immobility.Being one of the most important factors of the educational and cultural process, adaptive physical culture is a universal means of humanization, as it realizes the reproduction of human personality as a whole in its physical and spiritual unity. In the process of adaptive physical culture a person not only socializes and is formed (strengthens and improves residual health, corrects its defects, develops compensation mechanisms, learns certain social roles, functions, etc.), but also “forms and creates the world”, forms and “conquers” the social space - first self-determined, creates its own understanding, vision, sense of the world, designs and builds its own activities, social environment. Thus, adaptive physical culture and, especially adaptive sports, are important factors in the socialization of people with disabilities and people with disabilities, their integration into society. However, these factors, which are always realized, their use lags behind both the needs and the possibilities of today.

CIRCADE RHYTHMS OF PINCHUK'S GOBY PONTICOLA CEPHALARGOIDES (PINCHUK, 1976) IN LABORATORY CONDITIONS

Introduction. Circadian rhythms help the body to anticipate changes in environmental conditions and adapt to the daily fluctuations of external factors. The presence of such mechanisms, which provide early preparation of the organism, gives an advantage in the struggle for survival. The dynamics of light is one of the main factors, which determines the level of growth, development, nutrition, metabolism, affects hormonal activity. Aim. The aim of the study was to study the circadian rhythms of motor activity of Pinchuk's goby Ponticola cephalargoides (Pinchuk, 1976) in the laboratory. Methods. To study the activity of the fish individuals of the Pinchuk's goby caught in the Gulf of Odesa on a fishing rod were selected. The experiments were performed in an aquarium with two lighting options – under natural light and in the complete round-the-clock absence of lighting. Measurements of the fish activity were recorded at 1 hour intervals for 5 days. Results. The study revealed that the activity in constant darkness is generally lower than in the natural light. In both cases, the maximum value of the motor activity occurs in the first half of the day. Under the natural light, the activity of the Pinchuk's goby reaches the maximum value from 06:00 to 07:00, in constant darkness the activity reaches the maximum from 07:00 to 08:00. The difference in the activity of the fish between the two lighting modes is most noticeable from 16:00 to 22:00. Conclusion. It is established that the activity of Pinchuk's goby is cyclical both under the natural light conditions and in the absence of light. From 00:00 to 16:00 Pinchuk's goby has an endogenous circadian rhythm, from 16:00 to 22:30 the rhythm is exogenous.

ASSESSMENT LEVEL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND PSYCHO-EMOTIONAL HEALTH STATUS OF THE BOGOMOLETS NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY STUDENTS UNDER CONDITIONS OF DISTANCE LEARNING ORGANIZATION

deterioration of epidemiological situation in the country and educational institutions due to the spread of coronavirus infection prompted the government to change the educational process and move it to distance learning. Psychological support and assistance of future doctors are critical, as, in our country, there is a growing shortage of medical staff, namely doctors, during the COVID-19 pandemic. One way to solve the above problems is to study students of higher medical institutes (SHMI) views on the transition to distance learning, which is essential to identify weaknesses and issues in the higher medical institutions of our country and to purposefully take measures to improve the pedagogical process based on identified needs. The aim of our research includes assessment of the level of physical activity and psycho-emotional health of the higher medical education seekers' of the healthcare field specialty 222 medicine using distance education under quarantine conditions (additional psycho-emotional impact) and establish ways for improving it with a combination of distance education and different psycho-emotional impact. A survey was conducted among 155 Bogomolets National Medical University SHMI of the 1st and 2nd year of study. Developed by us questionnaire have included questions about the assessment of the educational process organization (at the classroom and at "distance"), SHMI routine (work and leisure), namely amount of their spending time for sports and on the gadget use. Significant attention had been given to SHMI assessment of their health, psycho-emotional state, and level of adaptation during the study. During processing results of the motor activity study of surveyed SHMI had been revealed an insufficient level of motor activity. Thus, only 14% of SHMI do morning gymnastics, 29% of respondents go in for sports three times a week. We also found that a significant proportion of respondents have not enough duration of night sleep, which negatively affects the study's success and potentially worsens their health. Analysis of the surveyed SHMI work and rest schedule shows that most SHMI sleep at night on weekdays for 6 to 7 hours (72%). 25% of respondents have a sleep duration of up to 5 hours and only 3% of respondents have slept more than 9 hours. However, chronic insomnia can gradually lead not only to diseases but also to disorders such as, decreasing concentration memory impairment, reduce performance and work efficiency. Significant mental and psycho-emotional overload during distance education requires establishing of physiological day regime. Assessment of the functional state of SHMI allows timely attention and identifies certain risk groups among SHMI. Currently, distance education is developing rapidly due to quarantine restrictions, the rapid development of the Internet, and the constant improvement of communication methods. Therefore, it is essential to improve the effective organization of distance education in terms of providing SHMI with the required level of knowledge and paying due attention to problem issues.

Risks of health disorders in pedagogical, medical workers and preventive measures

The formation of a healthy lifestyle and a healthy lifestyle in the work of various activities, developing a program that includes appropriate measures to correct the functional state of employees of nervous and emotional labor, is currently one of the essential areas of occupational health. The study aims to assess the prevalence of behavioral risk factors for health disorders and the effectiveness of measures to correct overstrain in pedagogical and medical workers, depending on the personal level of anxiety. The researchers conducted comprehensive physiological and hygienic studies. We described behavioral risk factors, awareness of health-saving issues based on a questionnaire (346 teachers), a professional graphical assessment of the intensity of efforts. Psychophysical studies help to study the states of various functions of the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system, psychological testing, and general physical performance (GPP) according to the RWC170 test when evaluating the implemented model of motor activity and assess the effectiveness of relaxation in the shungite room. We performed static processing of the data obtained using statistical programs EpiInfo 3.5.2., Statistica 10, Microsoft Excel 2010 using adequate methods of statistical analysis. The study of the prevalence of the factors risky cheek of life for the health of teachers revealed insufficient physical activity (61.1% (95% CI 54.7-67.2)), inadequate sleep duration (46.1% (95% CI 40.0-52.4)), eating disorders (16.2% (95% CI 11.9-21.5)) tobacco smoking (15.8% (95% CI 11.5-20.9)). The developed and implemented regime, which increases the volume of motor activity to 8-9 hours a week instead of 3-4 hours, contributed to an increase in resistance to stress effects, a decrease in the percentage of identified teachers with a low level of physical fitness. A high degree of nervous and emotional tension in the work of general practitioners, the possibility of infection with COVID-19 leads to the formation of a high level of anxiety in a significant part (63.7-72.2%) of medical workers, which indicates the purposefulness of a psychological correction measure. The conducted production studies have shown the usefulness of using in programs for correcting the functional conformity of pedagogical and medical workers, an increase in motor activity using physical culture and sports, and relaxation in the shungite room.

Cortical Mu Rhythms During Action and Passive Music Listening

Brain systems supporting body movement are active during music listening in the absence of overt movement. This covert motor activity is not well understood, but some theories propose a role in auditory timing prediction facilitated by motor simulation. One question is how music-related covert motor activity relates to motor activity during overt movement. We address this question using scalp electroencephalogram by measuring mu rhythms-- cortical field phenomena associated with the somatomotor system that appear over sensorimotor cortex. Lateralized mu enhancement over hand sensorimotor cortex during/just before foot movement in foot vs. hand movement paradigms is thought to reflect hand movement inhibition during current/prospective movement of another effector. Behavior of mu during music listening with movement suppressed has yet to be determined. We recorded 32-channel EEG (N=17) during silence without movement, overt movement (foot/hand), and music listening without movement. Using an Independent Component Analysis-based source equivalent dipole clustering technique, we identified three mu-related clusters, localized to left primary motor and right and midline premotor cortices. Right foot tapping was accompanied by mu enhancement in the left lateral source cluster, replicating previous work. Music listening was accompanied by similar mu enhancement in the left, as well as midline, clusters. We are the first to report, and also to source-resolve, music-related mu modulation in the absence of overt movements. Covert music-related motor activity has been shown to play a role in beat perception (1). Our current results show enhancement in somatotopically organized mu, supporting overt motor inhibition during beat perception.

Influence of Sports Games on Coordination Abilities of Adolescents as a Component of Physical Development: Neuropsychological Features

The article reveals perspectives on sports games aimed at physical development and development of coordination skills of adolescents. Physical exercise has a positive effect on such psychological properties of students as memory, thinking, attention, speed and accuracy of reactions, logic, perception of motoric of one’s own body and the sense of external space. The basic statement of neuropsychology that the basic intelligence of a person being physical intelligence is revealed. Development of coordination skills is an important qualitative aspect of motor activity, reflecting the level of physical fitness. Purposeful formation of coordination abilities enables to solve a number of problems of physical, aesthetic and intellectual improvement of adolescent students. The use of sports games in the process of physical education promotes a favourable development of motor coordination, and thus helps increase the level of motor readiness of adolescents during sports activities, as well as provides the highest efficiency in the process of physical development.

Terapia de espelho na reabilitação do membro superior pós Acidente Vascular Cerebral

Introdução: A perda da função motora dos membros superiores é um dos défices mais debilitantes após Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC). A Terapia de Espelho (TE) é uma abordagem promissora que visa melhorar a aprendizagem motora e promover a reorganização neural por meio de diferentes entradas aferentes e padrões de feedback visual. Objetivo: Identificar os ganhos obtidos pela intervenção do enfermeiro de reabilitação através de um protocolo de TE. Método. Trata-se de um estudo de caso, com um desenho experimental de caso único, onde foi selecio­nado um indivíduo do sexo masculino, 78 anos, hemiparesia à esquerda, devido a AVC isquémico, com boa capacidade cognitiva. Protocolo de intervenção de 15 sessões, com duração de 30 minutos, onde foi implementada a TE. Os ins­trumentos utilizados foram: Questionário Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE); Escala Motor Activity Log (MAL); Disabilities of the Arrm, Shouder and Hand (DASH) e a Escala de movimento da mão (MM). Resul­tados. Foi observada uma melhoria através do ganho da independência e habilidade motora no membro superior parético pós AVC, após intervenção com TE. Discussão: O paciente avaliado evidenciou melhoria motora durante as atividades de vida diárias (AVD). Este resultado é corroborado por outros estudos de aplicação da TE e o uso da imagética motora, após AVC. Conclusão. A TE gerou efeitos positivos na função motora, do paciente avaliado.