Adaptations to haematophagy: Investigations on how male and female Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) deal with human complement activation after a blood meal

Author(s):  
Luisa de Melo Lara ◽  
Adalberto Alves Pereira-Filho ◽  
Rafael Henrique Mateus Pereira ◽  
Luccas Gabriel Ferreira Malta ◽  
Grasielle Caldas D’Ávila Pessoa ◽  
...  
2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. e0003513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayman Khattab ◽  
Marta Barroso ◽  
Tiera Miettinen ◽  
Seppo Meri

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solange Ribeiro Peixoto ◽  
José Jurberg

Rhodnius stali Lent, Jurberg & Galvão vetor da Doença de Chagas domiciliado na região do Alto Beni, Bolívia é uma espécie com a biologia pouco conhecida. Com o objetivo de ampliar o conhecimento acerca de sua biologia, observamos parâmetros de seu ciclo de vida, nos estádios de ninfa, comparando-os com Rhodnius pictipes Stål, espécie morfologicamente semelhante e filogeneticamente próxima. Os seguintes parâmetros foram observados: tempo de eclosão dos ovos, ciclo biológico de ovo-adulto (em machos e fêmeas separadamente), taxa de mortalidade, idade do primeiro repasto sanguíneo e volume de sangue ingerido pelas ninfas. De maneira geral observou-se que as R. stali tem um ciclo de vida mais longo do que R. pictipes e, em ambas espécies, o tempo entre a eclosão do ovo até a fase adulta é menor em fêmeas. Curiosamente para R. stali, que é sabidamente capaz de colonizar domicílios, foi observada uma taxa de mortalidade das ninfas mais alta que em R. pictipes, algo inesperado para a espécie que coloniza estruturas artificiais e foi observada em ambiente artificial. Para R. stali, o primeiro repasto sanguíneo ocorreu, em média, quatro dias mais tarde do que em R. pictipes, espécie que ingeriu um volume total de sangue maior, possivelmente pelo fato de seu corpo ser maior. Conhecendo-se com profundidade os aspectos biológicos dessas espécies será possível direcionar o controle vetorial com mais precisão, principalmente em regiões onde colonizam casas, como no Alto Beni, Bolívia. Biology of Rhodnius stali Lent, Jurberg & Galvão and Rhodnius pictipes Stål (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatiminae) in Laboratory Conditions Abstract. Rhodnius stali Lent, Jurberg & Galvão is a Chagas Disease vector that colonize houses in the Alto Beni region, Bolivia and its biology is poorly known. Aiming to enhance the understanding about their biology, we observed a few parameters of its life cycle, at nymphal stages, comparing them with Rhodnius pictipes Stål a morphologically similar and phylogenetically close species. The following parameters were observed: time of hatching, development time from egg to adult (male and female separately), mortality rate, age at first blood meal and blood volume ingested by nymphs. In general, it was observed that the R. stali has longer cycle than R. pictipes, and in both species, the time between hatching the egg to adult in females is lower. Interestingly for R. stali, which is known to be capable of colonizing households, the mortality rate of nymphs was higher than observed in R. pictipes, something unexpected for species that colonize artificial structures and was observed in artificial environment. For R. stali, the first blood meal was, on average, four days later than for R. pictipes, species that ingested a greater total blood volume, possibly because of its bigger size. By knowing in depth the biological aspects of these species it will be possible to direct vector control more accurately, especially in regions where they colonize houses, as in the Alto Beni, Bolivia.


2020 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 184-188
Author(s):  
Abhijit Jagdale ◽  
Huy Nguyen ◽  
Juan Li ◽  
KaLia Burnette ◽  
David Ayares ◽  
...  

Blood ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Shastri ◽  
MJ Phillips ◽  
S Raza ◽  
GL Logue ◽  
PK Rustagi

Abstract Complement activation on red cells by heparin-protamine complexes was studied by using whole human serum. C3 bound to red cells was measured by radiolabeled monoclonal antibody to C3, and fluid-phase C5a was determined by radioimmunoassay. Heparin and protamine in clinically relevant concentrations caused the binding of C3 to red cell membranes, and the measurement of C3 binding provided a sensitive indicator of complement activation produced by these complexes. Complement activation by these reagents occurred at concentration ratios of protamine and heparin at which protamine neutralized the anticoagulant effect of heparin. Heparin-protamine complexes appeared to bind to red cells and produce complement activation by the classic pathway. C5a generation with heparin-protamine complexes in serum was greatly enhanced in the presence of red cells and increased with increasing red cell concentration. This enhancement of complement activation in the presence of red cells was also seen as measured by depletion of available C3 hemolytic complement units in the fluid phase. Thus red cells seem to play an important role in activation of complement by heparin-protamine complexes.


2019 ◽  
Vol 302 ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Gifford ◽  
Vivian P. Vu ◽  
Nirmal K. Banda ◽  
V. Michael Holers ◽  
Guankui Wang ◽  
...  

Parasitology ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. J. Iqbal ◽  
David A. Humphries

1. Both male and female N. fasciatus normally require a blood meal before they will mate.2. Fed males do not attempt to mate with unfed females. It is suggested that the taking of a blood meal enables the female to provide a stimulus necessary for the male to show mating behaviour.3. Unfed Nosopsyllus of both sexes will mate if subjected to a temperature between 30 and 35°C inclusive. Above 35° mating does not occur.4. Below 30°C mating occurs only if the fleas have previously been subjected to a temperature of 30°C or above. A temperature rise to the critical point thus acts as a trigger for an enabling process which continues after temperature has again fallen.5. It is suggested that the effect of a blood meal in enabling mating to occur may be explained by the fleas' experience, while on the host, of a rise in temperature to the level critical for mating.


1946 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. L. David ◽  
P. Bracey

Experiments are described which illustrate some of the ways in which the results of exposing insects to a spray mist are dependent on either their behaviour or physiological state. Only fine mist dispersals with particles below 10 microns in diameter are considered and in such mists the flight movements of the insects are very largely responsible for the collisions between the insect and the droplets. An increase in flight activity leads to the accumulation of a greater number of spray droplets and consequently a higher kill. Under these conditions insecticides such as pyrethrins which exert a strong irritating action on Aëdes in minimal amounts are superior to DDT which does not have this effect. For practical applications under circumstances where the sprays depend on mist action to produce their effect it is advantageous to mix pyrethrum with the DDT sprays so that the maximum dose of the latter may be accumulated.Further experiments are concerned with the relative resistance of male and female Aëdes aegypti to insecticides and the change of resistance which takes place on ageing or as a result of a blood meal. It is shown that the male is innately more susceptible to both pyrethrins and DDT and that the resistance of the females is higher after a blood meal. There is also a progressive decrease in resistance with age.


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