Viral upper respiratory tract infections in young children with emphasis on acute otitis media

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Identify the interactions between nasopharyngeal bacterial pathogens, commensals, and patient clinical characteristics in relation to the development of viral upper respiratory tract infections (URI) and acute otitis media (AOM) in infants. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The subjects were part of a prospective, longitudinal study (2008–2014) of infants to evaluate the prevalence and risks for the development of URI and AOM. Healthy infants (n = 362) were enrolled from near birth and followed to the first episode of AOM up to 12 months of age. Nasopharyngeal specimens and clinical traits were collected at monthly intervals between 1-6 months, month 9, and during viral URI episodes. Subjects were closely followed for AOM development. 16S rRNA sequencing was performed on the nasopharyngeal swabs to identify their bacterial composition. Multidimensional (2, 3, and 4 dimensional) co-presence, co-exclusion, and one-way relation patterns were identified between the microbiome compositions, health status, and other collected clinical traits. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We analyzed 971 specimens collected monthly and during URI and AOM episodes from 139 infants. Of the 139 enrolled subjects, 96% had 2 or more healthy samples, 77% contracted URI/AOM during the study period, and 60% had at least 1 healthy sample before URI/AOM onset. Otopathogens (Moraxella, Haemophilus, and Streptococcus), Staphylococcus, and Pseudomonas were the most common pathogenic genera. Corynebacterium, Dolosigranulum, and Acinetobacter were 3 most abundant commensal bacterial genera. Samples from infants with AOM in the first year had a significantly higher relative abundance of Haemophilus, Enterobacter, and Yersinia, and lower relative abundance of Corynebacterium, and Pseudomonas compared to samples from infants who did not develop AOM. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Identification of complex multidimensional interaction patterns within microbial communities and environmental factors is vital to understanding disease onset risk and prevention. Prophylactic microbiome and environmental factor modulation between enterotypes could be used to reduce URI/AOM onset in infants.

Download Full-text

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Young Children: Duration of and Frequency of Complications

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.87.2.129 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 87 (2) ◽

pp. 129-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ellen R. Wald ◽

Nancy Guerra ◽

Carol Byers

Keyword(s):

Child Care ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Home Care ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Day Care ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections

This study was performed to determine the usual duration of community-acquired viral upper respiratory tract infections and the incidence of complications (otitis media/sinusitis) of these respiratory tract infections in infancy and early childhood. Children in various forms of child-care arrangements (home care, group care, and day care) were enrolled at birth and observed for 3 years. Families were telephoned every 2 weeks to record on a standardized form the type and severity of illnesses experienced during the previous interval. Only children remaining in their original child-care group for the entire study period were compared. The mean duration of an upper respiratory tract infection varied between 6.6 days (for 1- to 2-year-old children in home care) and 8.9 days (for children younger than 1 year in day care). The percentage of apparently simple upper respiratory tract infections that lasted more than 15 days ranged from 6.5% (for 1- to 3-year-old children in home care) to 13.1% (for 2- to 3-year-old children in day care). Children in day care were more likely than children in home care to have protracted respiratory symptoms. Of 2741 respiratory tract infections recorded for the 3-year period, 801 (29.2%) were complicated by otitis media. During the first 2 years of life, children in any type of day care were more likely than children in home care to have otitis media as a complication of upper respiratory tract infection. In year 3, the risk of otitis media was similar in all types of child care.

Download Full-text