In the treatment of childhood asthma, balancing safety and efficacy is key to achieving optimal therapeutic benefit. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), because of their efficacy, remain a cornerstone in managing persistent pediatric asthma, but also are associated with significant adverse effects, including growth suppression. Consequently, careful attention must be given to balancing their safety and efficacy, which should include an understanding of airway patency and systemic absorption (dose, disease severity, propellant and lipophilicity of inhalant), bioavailability (inhalation technique, propellant, delivery devices, and hepatic first-pass metabolism), techniques for using minimum effective doses (dosing time, add-on therapy), and reduction of other exacerbating conditions (allergens, influenza, upper-respiratory diseases). The growth-suppressive effects of ICS may be most evident in children with: 1) mild asthma because the relatively high airway patency may facilitate increased levels of deposition and steroid absorption in more distal airways, and 2) evening dosing that may reduce nocturnal growth hormone activity. A step-down approach targeting a minimum effective dose and once-daily morning dosing is suggested for achieving the most acceptable safety/efficacy balance with ICS. The achievement of regular, safe, and correct ICS use requires significant knowledge and time for both caregiver and patient. Chromones, methylxanthines, long-acting β-agonists, and leukotriene receptor antagonists are currently available alternatives to ICS for the control of persistent childhood asthma. Chromones are safe but, like methylxanthines, are difficult to use and frequently result in compromised effectiveness. Long-acting β-agonists are not recommended as monotherapy for persistent asthma. Several factors that support leukotriene receptor antagonists as a therapeutic option for mild-to-moderate persistent pediatric asthma include established efficacy, good safety profiles, and simple, oral dosing. Physicians must evaluate and compare the balance of safety and efficacy for each agent to determine the appropriate asthma therapy for individual patients.
Economic Burden Associated with Receiving Inhaled Corticosteroids with Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists or Long-Acting Beta Agonists as Combination Therapy in Older Adults