First evidence of crucible steel production in Medieval Anatolia, Kubadabad: A trace for possible technology exchange between Anatolia and Southern Asia

ABSTRACTVarious methods were used to produce steel in early Islamic times. According to early Islamic texts, three methods are described for indirect production of steel (fuladh). The methods are solid-state carburization of wrought iron, partial decarburization of cast iron or a high carbon steel, and co-fusion of cast iron with wrought iron. Evidence from a metallurgical workshop at Merv, dated to the ninth-early tenth century A.D., provides an illustration of the co-fusion method of steel production in crucibles. The primary investigations of the crucibles are presented. The crucible slag was found to contain droplets of cast iron and steel and the crucible fabric contains mullite.

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The Many and Various Roles of Manganese in Iron and Steel Production

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.983.57 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 983 ◽

pp. 57-63

Author(s):

Paul T. Craddock

Keyword(s):

Manganese Oxide ◽

Manganese Oxides ◽

Steel Production ◽

Manganese Steel ◽

Iron And Steel ◽

Steel Making ◽

Metallic Manganese ◽

Crucible Steel ◽

The Many ◽

Iron And Steel Production

Manganese oxide and metallic manganese have made a long and varied contribution to the production of iron and steel through the centuries, long before Sir Robert Hadfield’s alloy manganese steel first produced in 1882. Although quite well known empirically, this contribution has sometimes been misunderstood or misrepresented.The success of some of the early so-called ‘natural steels’ was the presence of manganese oxides in the iron ores used.Manganese oxide was already used as a flux from the early days of the production of crucible steel in Asia and it now appears that it was used as a flux from the inception of the otherwise very different later European crucible steel technologies. After the introduction of crucible steel making in Britain in the 18th century, foreign competitors believed that the reason for the success of the processes used at Sheffield was a secret flux and studies on recently discovered 18th century crucibles in Sheffield have shown that process was indeed fluxed with manganese oxide.The function of manganese in the later European crucible steel industry has been rather overshadowed and confused historically by the very different ‘Carburet of manganese’, a strange concoction, patented by Josiah Heath in 1839 added to iron or steel to purify the metal. At the time the chemistry of the process was misunderstood and many acrimonious and inaccurate claims were made, crucially confusing the very different functions of manganese oxide and manganese metal, overshadowing the part already played by manganese oxide for almost a century previously..Finally manganese and its salts played a crucial role in the Bessemer process of steel making.

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Southern Asia, Australia and the Search for Human Origins

10.1017/cbo9781139084741 ◽

2014 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Keyword(s):

Human Origins ◽

Southern Asia

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"Why should I share what I know?"-Antecedents for enhancing knowledge-sharing behavior and its impact on shared mental models in steel production

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e572172013-084 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Nina Gross ◽

Annette Kluge

Keyword(s):

Knowledge Sharing ◽

Mental Models ◽

Steel Production ◽

Shared Mental Models ◽

Knowledge Sharing Behavior ◽

Sharing Behavior

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Drying and heating of scrap metal at steelmaking: industrial safety, economics, ecology

Ferrous Metallurgy Bulletin of Scientific Technical and Economic Information ◽

10.32339/0135-5910-2020-12-1253-1258 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 76 (12) ◽

pp. 1353-1258

Author(s):

V. A. Spirin ◽

V. E. Nikol’skii ◽

D. V. Vokhmintsev ◽

A. A. Moiseev ◽

P. G. Smirnov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Steel Production ◽

Scrap Metal ◽

Industrial Safety ◽

Technical Solution ◽

Metal Charge ◽

Basic Task ◽

Scrap Heating ◽

Winter Time

At steel production based on scrap metal utilization, the scrap heating before charging into a melting facility is an important way of energy efficiency increase and ecological parameters improving. In winter time scrap metal charging with ice inclusions into a metal melt can result in a considerable damage of equipment and even accidents. Therefore, scrap preliminary drying is necessary to provide industrial safety. It was shown, that in countries with warm and low-snow climate with no risk of scrap metal icing up during its transportation and storing in the open air, the basic task being solved at the scrap drying is an increase of energy efficiency of steelmaking. InRussiathe scrap metal drying first of all provides the safety of the process and next - energy saving. Existing technologies of scrap metal drying and heating considered, as well as advantages and drawbacks of technical solutions used at Russian steel plants. In winter time during scrap metal heating at conveyers (Consteel process) hot gases penetrate not effectively into its mass, the heat is not enough for evaporation of wetness in the metal charge. At scrap heating by the furnace gases, a problem of dioxines emissions elimination arises. Application of shaft heaters results in high efficiency of scrap heating. However, under conditions of Russian winter the upper scrap layers are not always heated higher 0 °С and after getting into a furnace bath the upper scrap layers cause periodical vapor explosions. The shaft heaters create optimal conditions for dioxines formation, which emit into atmosphere. It was shown, that accounting Russian economic and nature conditions, the metal charge drying and heating in modified charging buckets by the heat of burnt natural gas or other additional fuel is optimal. The proposed technical solution enables to burnt off organic impurities ecologically safely, to melt down ice, to evaporate the wetness in the scrap as well as to heat the charge as enough as the charging logistics enables it. The method was implemented at several Russian steel plants. Technical and economical indices of scrap metal drying in buckets under conditions of EAF-based shop, containing two furnaces ДСП-100, presented.

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