The relations between electronic structure, chemical bond and thermoelectric property of misfit layered cobaltite of Ca3Co4O9and 3d transitional metal (Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe and Cu) doped series are studied using density function and discrete variation method (DFT-DVM). Ca3Co4O9consists of two layers of CoO2and Ca2CoO3. The highest valence band (HVB) and the lowest conduction band (LCB) near Fermi level are only mainly from O 2p and Co 3d in Ca2CoO3layer. Therefore, the semiconductor, or thermoelectric property of Ca3Co4O9should be mainly from Ca2CoO3layer, but it seems to have no direct relation to the CoO2layer, which is consistent with that binary oxides hardly have thermoelectric property, but trinary oxide compounds have quite good thermoelectric property. The variation of electronic structure, chemical bond strength and thermoelectric property of doping series is discussed. The improvement of thermoelectric property of Cu-doped Ca3Co4O9is the most obvious.