Abstract
Praseodymium nickelate, Pr2NiO4 (PNO), is a promising electrode to promote oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in a solid oxide fuel cell, but it exhibits phase transformation during electrochemical operation. The origins of the simultaneous phase transformation and high electrochemical performance still remain obscure. We carried out a systematic density functional theory study to elucidate the mechanism for this conjugated phenomenon. Both electronic structure/charge and normal-mode analysis suggest the presence of peroxide. Our study shows that the formation of peroxide (O22-) is attributed to both oxygen interstitials and Pr vacancies. The peroxide species limits the oxygen ion migration due to the additional energy required to break its O-O bond, which leads to a decrease in ORR activity. Subsequently, we investigate the diffusion paths of Pr-ions while comparing them with those of other Ln3+ ions (La, Nd, Pm, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, and Ho) in PNO. The formation energies for various Ln3+ cation occupancies are calculated, as well as segregation energies in CeO2(111) surfaces. Finally, criteria for effective Ln3+ dopants are developed. La, Nd, and Pm are proposed as potential substituents in PNO to obtain a stable structure.