The impact of air policy on incoming tourist traffic: the contrasting cases of the Caribbean Community and the Middle-East

This paper traces the development of five taxation types in the Bible — income taxes, property taxes, special assessment taxes, poll taxes (all direct taxes), and indirect taxes. The development of these taxes is discussed within the context of Israel's historical development. The impact of counting, measurement, and computation on the development of taxation is also considered.

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The Caribbean Court of Justice

10.1093/oso/9780198795582.003.0007 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Salvatore Caserta ◽

Mikael Rask Madsen

Keyword(s):

Privy Council ◽

Criminal Cases ◽

Community Law ◽

Caribbean Community ◽

Court Of Justice ◽

Sociopolitical Context ◽

The Caribbean ◽

Caribbean Court Of Justice ◽

Criminal Matters ◽

Court Of Appeal

This chapter analyzes the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), the creation of which was regarded as the culmination of the Caribbean’s long and protracted process toward independence from its former colonizers. Formally, the CCJ was instantaneously empowered to hear cases involving Caribbean Community law (Community law). The CCJ was also empowered to replace the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) in London—a last court of appeal for civil and criminal cases from the Caribbean and the most visible remnant of the British Empire’s former rule. The CCJ’s unique double jurisdiction—original over Community law and appellate over other civil and criminal matters—underscores the complex sociopolitical context and transformation of which it is a part. Ultimately, the CCJ’s growing authority has increasingly made the Court the institutional intersection for the convergence of these two different paths toward establishing the Caribbean as a legally integrated regional unity.

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The Middle East and Peaceful Change

The Oxford Handbook of Peaceful Change in International Relations ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190097356.013.42 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Arie M. Kacowicz ◽

Galia Press-Barnathan

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Domestic Politics ◽

War Zone ◽

Arab League ◽

Arab Israeli Conflict ◽

Kurdish Question ◽

The Arab Spring ◽

The Impact ◽

Level Of Analysis

The Middle East is often considered a war zone, and it rarely comes to mind as a region that includes cases of peaceful change. Yet several examples of peaceful change can be identified at different levels of analysis: international, regional, interactive, and domestic. This chapter first critically examines the impact of the broader global/systemic level of analysis on the prospects for peaceful change. It then moves to examine the regional level of analysis, exploring the Kurdish question and the Arab-Israeli conflict as a central axis of change, the role of the Arab League, and the case of the Gulf Cooperation Council. The chapter then examines the interactive, bilateral level of analysis, exploring peaceful territorial change in the context of the Arab-Israeli conflict, with reference to the successful Israeli-Egyptian negotiations of 1977–1979 and the stalled Israeli-Palestinian peace process since 1993. Next, it explores the domestic level of analysis, focusing on domestic politics, the nature of ruling coalitions, and the implications of the domestic turmoil of the Arab Spring. The last section draws conclusions from each level of analysis, with implications about the prospects for peaceful change in the region.

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Processes, Challenges and Optimisation of Rum Production from Molasses—A Contemporary Review

Fermentation ◽

10.3390/fermentation7010021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 21

Author(s):

Tinashe Mangwanda ◽

Joel B. Johnson ◽

Janice S. Mani ◽

Steve Jackson ◽

Shaneel Chandra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Scientific Literature ◽

Asia Pacific ◽

Yeast Strains ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

The Caribbean ◽

The Impact ◽

Production Industry ◽

Stringent Quality

The rum industry is currently worth USD 16 billion, with production concentrated in tropical countries of the Caribbean and Asia-Pacific regions. The primary feedstock for rum production is sugar cane molasses, a by-product of sugar refineries. The main variables known to affect rum quality include the composition of the molasses, the length of fermentation, and the type of barrels and length of time used for aging the rum. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the impact of these variables on rum quality, and to highlight current challenges and opportunities in the production of rum from molasses. In order to achieve this, we review the relevant contemporary scientific literature on these topics. The major contemporary challenges in the rum production industry include minimising the effects of variability in feedstock quality, ensuring the fermentation process runs to completion, preventing microbial contamination, and the selection and maintenance of yeast strains providing optimum ethanol production. Stringent quality management practices are required to ensure consistency in the quality and organoleptic properties of the rum from batch to batch. Further research is required to fully understand the influences of many of these variables on the final quality of the rum produced.

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