Perspectives on Salmon Aquaculture: Current Status, Challenges and Genetic Improvement for Future Growth

With an estimated global value of US$15.6 billion, farmed salmonids represent a precious food resource, which is also the fastest increasing food producing industry with annual growth of 7% in production. A total average of 3,594,000 metric tonnes was produced in 2020, behind Chinese and Indian carps, tilapias and catfishes. Lead producers of farmed salmonids are Norway, Chile, Faroe, Canada and Scotland, stimulated by increasing global demand and market. However, over the last 2 years, production has been declining, occasioned by effects of diseases as well as rising feed costs. Over the last year, production has declined sharply due to effects of covid-19. This chapter reviews the species in culture, systems of culture, environmental footprints of salmon culture, and market trends in salmon culture. Burden of diseases, especially Infectious pancreatic Necrosis, Infectious salmon anemia and furunculosis, as well as high cost of feed formulation, key challenges curtailing growth of the salmon production industry, are discussed. A review is made of the international salmon genome sequencing effort, selective breeding for disease resistance, and the use of genomics to mitigate challenges of diseases that stifle higher production of salmonids globally.

Effects of stress during commercial hatching on growth, egg production and feather pecking in laying hens

Every year, billions of egg layer chicks around the world are hatched under highly stressful, industrial circumstances. Here, it is investigated how the stressful procedure in the commercial hatchery, including incubation, hatching, processing, and transport affects the chicks with regards to traits relevant for the egg production industry. These traits were compared to those of a control group hatched in a small incubator and handled gently och quietly in a quiet room without any processing and transport. The chicks were weighed at hatch and at eight additional time points: 4 days, 1 week (w), 2 w, 3 w, 5 w, 8 w, 20 w and 25 w of age. Feather pecking was studied at 15 w of age and damages to the feathers and injuries on the comb and wattle were assessed at 25 w of age. From 19 w of age, eggs were collected on three days per week, counted and weighed. Chicks from a commercial hatchery had a lower hatch weight than control chicks (p<0.001). At 20 w of age, the weight of the commercial hatched chicks was still numerically lower, although this did not reach statistical significance. Commercially hatched chicks tended to show more feather pecking behaviour at 15 w of age compared to control chicks (p<0.1), although feather condition at 25 w of age showed the opposite pattern. Regarding production, commercially hatched chickens laid fewer (p<0.05) and smaller (p<0.05) eggs than chicks hatched and handled under calm circumstances. From this experiment, it is concluded that the stressful experience in the commercial hatchery has an overall negative effect on traits relevant for the industry.

Domestic peat pots biodegradation

Biodegradable nutrient media based on cellulose fibers and peat with added protective materials and stimulating represent the higher form of transplant used in current technologies for producing plant seedlings. Worldwide intensive development of the pots production industry (the effect of increasing demands from agriculture and their quality level in terms of degradability and operational sustainability, with outstanding results in reducing stress factors) led to fast expansion of their use with a high economic efficiency. Determination of potential and effective degradation was achieved by the method for determining cellulolytic activity in soil. Biodegradation potential recorded differences during the course of experience in the sense that it increases as the pots exposure time to treatment is higher. In conclusion, the pots treatment (planted/without plant) has a great influence on the effective biodegradation.

Modeling and optimization of two-step shea butter oil biodiesel synthesis using snail shell as a heterogeneous base catalyst

Shea butter oil (SBO) is underutilized in the biodiesel production industry in Nigeria because of its high free fatty acid (FFA) which reduces its biodiesel yield. This research aimed at...

Hepatitis E virus cross-contamination on the surface of porcine livers after storage in Euro meat containers in a German pig abattoir

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a foodborne zoonotic pathogen and known as the causative agent of hepatitis E in humans. The specific role of porcine liver as a vehicle for human HEV infections has been highlighted in different studies. Nevertheless, gaps of knowledge still exist regarding possible HEV cross-contamination both at consumer and production level. Furthermore, people working in the food production industry, e.g. veterinarians and abattoir employees, are exposed to an increased risk of HEV infection. The aim of the present study was to investigate HEV cross-contamination on the surface of porcine liver in a German abattoir. The sample set included 250 samples of porcine liver parenchyma and the corresponding 250 superficial layer samples of the same livers, which were analyzed for the presence of HEV ribonucleic acid (RNA). Afterwards, the initial status of the tested liver parenchyma was compared with the occurrence of HEV RNA in the corresponding superficial layer. HEV RNA was detectable in 34% (85/250) of superficial layer samples, with 58% (49/85) of the samples originated from initially HEV negative livers. To our knowledge, this is the first study that provides an insight in the potential of HEV cross-contamination at abattoir level in Germany. Furthermore, it could be identified that the joint storage of livers in Euro meat containers has a significant impact on the presence of HEV RNA on the surface of porcine liver.

Performance Measurement of Animation Design Pre-Production Artist During COVID-19 Pandemic in India

This research focuses on the development of the Indian animation industry. In Animation Pipeline pre-production is an important stage that determines the success of a film. Create and develop a story is the fast step and all other steps have to follow that storyline till final film realized. In this research paper present the survey base online questionnaire and the data has been collected of 300 artist who belong into Indian animation industry conducted in September 2020 by using google form. In general, Indian animation industry mostly run into production and post production (technical) base work so Indian animation industry has a smaller number of vacancies for pre-production (design and planning) artist and also having a very a smaller number of design and planning artist because of that they have highly demand. To evaluate and determine the factors that may affect the level of Indian animation pre-production industry. The study helpful to identify the animation industry current need and it focuses on planning stage to production of a movie. This research paper concludes 95% of artist working into the industry for production and post production if they are properly working into preproduction and then start into the movie work then there will be more vacancy for pre-production artist and end of the day production cost reduced up to 25 %.

The efficiency of grain production industry in Ryazan region

Based on the identified trends, patterns and features of the development of the grain production industry in Ryazan region, a conclusion was made about the existing potential and the prospect of support for agricultural organizations specializing in the production of grain, the development of seed production of winter wheat and spring barley, the use of innovative technologies for their cultivation and harvesting. The team of authors revealed that one of the main problems in the development of the grain production industry both in Ryazan region and in Russia was a decrease in the level of technical equipment of agricultural enterprises with modern grain harvesters. To solve this problem, it is proposed at the level of the regional government to purchase a license from developers for the production of devices that reduce grain losses during threshing and cleaning, create jobs for the production of these devices and modernize grain harvesters in the region, that will allow getting a larger percentage of high-quality food and seed grain, to replenish the regional budget with an additional amount of taxes, the receipt of which will exceed the costs of purchasing a license and organizing additional jobs.

State of the crop industry of the Republic of Buryatia in the digital age

Agriculture, crop production, analysis, statistics The aim of the study is to assess the state of the crop industry of the Republic of Buryatia and determine the directions of its. The efficiency of use of land resources, production of the main types of crop production, dynamics of crop yields were analyzed; directions of crop production industry development are determined. When preparing the article, methods were applied: comparison, index, relative and average values, graphic, etc., the empirical base is presented by the publications of the Territorial body of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Republic of Buryatia in agriculture, in particular on the crop industry. The results of the study show that the current level of production of crop production does not correspond to the modern needs of the republic. The constraints to the development of the industry are the low level of agricultural culture, frequent droughts, poor technical re-equipment, a small proportion of reclaimed land in the structure of agricultural land and others. Currently, the priority areas in the crop production of Buryatia are the production of feed to meet the needs of the livestock industry and the cultivation of grain crops.

Opportunities for Waste to Energy in the Milk Production Industry: Perspectives for the Circular Economy

Cheese whey is a waste produced in the dairy industry which generates problems if it is dumped directly into the sewer due to its high organic load. An alternative for cheese whey management is anaerobic digestion, a biological process that transforms organic matter into biogas and digestate, two products with significant energy and agricultural potential. This work was aimed at contributing to the building of knowledge about the anaerobic degradation of cheese whey, developing a bibliometric analysis, and tracing trends in related research from 2010 up to the present, using PRISMA® to develop a systematic review based on Scopus® and using Excel® and bibliometric software (VosViewer® and RefViz®) for the identification of information. Our results show that the research around cheese whey is relatively recent and that the highest percentage of publications is from 2018 onwards. Twelve variables of the anaerobic cheese whey degradation process were identified and grouped into five factors: substrate, reactor configuration, digestate analysis, microbiological analysis, and inoculum. Likewise, it was identified that most of the anaerobic processes allow the implementation of the circular economy into the dairy sector. In conclusion, the application of anaerobic digestion in the dairy sector can help to close the productive cycles, produce biofuels, and reduce pollution.