Antimicrobial Agents Dispensing In Upper Respiratory Tract, Gastrointestinal Tract Infections And Infected Wound In Thai Drug Stores In 2015

This article introduces a set of principles to define judicious antimicrobial use for five conditions that account for the majority of outpatient antimicrobial use in the United States. Data from the National Center for Health Statistics indicate that in recent years, approximately three fourths of all outpatient antibiotics have been prescribed for otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, pharyngitis, or nonspecific upper respiratory tract infection.1Antimicrobial drug use rates are highest for children1; therefore, the pediatric age group represents the focus for the present guidelines. The evidence-based principles presented here are focused on situations in which antimicrobial therapy could be curtailed without compromising patient care. They are not formulated as comprehensive management strategies. For most upper respiratory infections that require antimicrobial treatment, there are several appropriate oral agents from which to choose. Although the general principles of selecting narrow-spectrum agents with the fewest side effects and lowest cost are important, the principles that follow include few specific antibiotic selection recommendations.

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The Role of Bacterial Interference in Otitis, Sinusitis and Tonsillitis

Otolaryngology ◽

10.1016/j.otohns.2005.03.012 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 133 (1) ◽

pp. 139-146 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Itzhak Brook

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Bacterial Flora ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Bacterial Interference

Bacterial interactions that include antagonism (interference) and synergism help maintain balance between the members of the normal endogenous flora. Alpha-streptococci that predominate in the normal respiratory tract flora attracted most attention in studies of bacterial interference. Other organisms that possess interfering characteristics in upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are nonhemolytic streptococci, and Prevotella and Peptostreptococcus spp. The production of bacteriocins by some microorganisms is one of the important mechanisms of interference. The role of bacterial interference in the development of URTI and its effect on the eradication of these infections is discussed. These infections include pharyngo-tonsillitis, otitis media, and sinusitis. Treatment with various antimicrobial agents can affect the balance between members of the oro-pharyngeal bacterial flora and interfering organisms. Implantation into the indigenous microflora of low virulence bacterial strains that are potentially capable of interfering with colonization and infection with other more virulent organisms has been used in preliminary studies as a means of coping with the failure of antimicrobials in the treatment of several URTI.

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Place of phytotherapy in the treatment of acute infections of upper respiratory tract and upper gastrointestinal tract

Otolaryngologia Polska ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0012.2833 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 72 (4) ◽

pp. 42-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wioletta Pietruszewska ◽

Magda Barańska ◽

Jakub Wielgat

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Upper Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Persistent Symptoms ◽

Acute Infections ◽

Intranasal Steroids ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Upper Gastrointestinal

Acute infections of the upper respiratory tract and upper gastrointestinal tract (mouth and throat) are still the most common reason for reporting to the general practitioner or ENT specialist. Despite the fact that the most common causative agent of these diseases are virurs, antibiotics are still flavored in about 60-80% of patients who report to the doctor. In consensus such as EPOS, WHO reports and other local / national reports, there is a need to limit antibacterial treatment for symptomatic and anti-inflammatory drugs. In addition to intranasal steroids and mucocutaneous decongestants, supplementary treatment should be considered which resolves persistent symptoms. Plant preparations are used here. The growing role of rational phytotherapy is emphasized, especially due to the most frequent etiological factor of these infections, i.e. viruses. Modern phytotherapy is part of pharmacology, and all preparations based on plants meet the standards for medicines and are subject to standard registration procedures. The article discusses the use and mechanism of action of selected herbs, among others: sorrel, elderberry, yarrow and horsetail in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections and upper gastrointestinal tract. The phytotherapy show good efficacy and tolerance, and can be used both in children and adults in recurrent infections of the upper respiratory tract. It is worth paying attention to the combined preparations, the components of which have the effect confirmed by randomized trials and long-term registration for use in treatment, both during the first signs of cold and its further duration, and supportive in chronic inflammation especially of the paranasal sinuses.

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Principles of Judicous use of Antimicrobial Agents for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children

Journal of the Korean Medical Association ◽

10.5124/jkma.1999.42.1.61 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 61

Author(s):

Sung Hee Oh

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections

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Tonsillopharyngitis 1994

Pediatrics in Review ◽

10.1542/pir.15.5.185 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 15 (5) ◽

pp. 185-191

Author(s):

Floyd W. Denny

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Major Factors ◽

Tract Infections

Acute infections of the upper respiratory tract, including those of the tonsils and pharynx, are the most common affliction of humans; their tendency to occur with much greater frequency in children makes them especially important to the pediatrician. A host of microbial agents can cause these infections, but only a few are responsive to antimicrobial agents. Because of the paucity of definitive laboratory tools that allow easy recognition of the cause of most acute respiratory infections, it is important for the practicing pediatrician to have other methods to aid in the clinical management of children who have these infections. This review will discuss the etiology and epidemiology of acute respiratory infections that involve primarily the tonsils and pharynx, with emphasis on how this knowledge can guide clinicians in their management. The groundwork for this approach will be laid by suggesting a classification of upper respiratory tract infections that involve the tonsils and pharynx. Causative agents will be enumerated and put into perspective. The major factors associated with the occurrence of acute upper respiratory tract infections will be discussed. Finally, treatment of the patient who has tonsillopharyngitis will be presented. Uncomplicated acute tonsillopharyngitis will be emphasized primarily and the role of complications only mentioned.

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