Effect of the use-dependent, nicotinic receptor antagonist BTMPS in the forced swim test and elevated plus maze after cocaine discontinuation in rats

Decrease in natural illumination in fall/winter months causes depressive-like seasonal affective disorders in vulnerable individuals. Obesity is another risk factor of depression. The lethal yellow (AY) mutation causes ectopic expression of agouti protein in the brain. Mice heterozygous for AY mutation (AY/a) are obese compared to their wild-type littermates (a/a). The main aims of the study were to investigate the effects of AY mutation, photoperiod and the interaction between these factors on daily activity dynamics, feeding, locomotor and exploratory activities, anxiety-related and depressive-like behaviors in mild stress condition. Six weeks old mouse males of AY/a and a/a lines were divided into four groups eight animals each and exposed to long- (14 h light and 10 h darkness) or short- (4 h light and 20 h darkness) day conditions for 28 days. Then the behavior of these mice was successively investigated in the home cage, open field, elevated plus-maze and forced swim tests. We did not observed any effect of AY mutation on the general activity, water and food consumption in the home cage; locomotion and exploration in the open field test; anxiety-related behavior in the open field and elevated plus-maze tests. At the same time, AY mutation increased depressive-like immobility time in the forced swim test (F1.28 = 20.03, p = 0.00012). Shortday conditions decreased nocturnal activity in the home cage, as well as locomotion (F1.28 = 16.33, p = 0.0004) and exploration (F1.28 = 16.24, p < 0.0004) in the open field test. Moreover, short-day exposition decreased time spent in the center of the open field (F1.28 = 6.57, p = 0.016) and in the open arms of the elevated plus-maze (F1.28 = 12.08, p = 0.0017) tests and increased immobility time in the forced swim test (F1.28 = 9.95, p = 0.0038). However, no effect of the interaction between AY mutation and photoperiod on immobility time in the forced swim test was observed. Therefore, short-day photoperiod and AY mutation increased depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test by means of different mechanisms.

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Individual differences in the elevated plus-maze and the forced swim test

Behavioural Processes ◽

10.1016/j.beproc.2010.08.008 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

pp. 46-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Celio Estanislau ◽

Anna Carolina Ramos ◽

Paula Daniele Ferraresi ◽

Naiara Fernanda Costa ◽

Heloisa Maria Cotta Pires de Carvalho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Swim Test ◽

Forced Swim ◽

Plus Maze

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Diazepam normalizes anxiety in rats with experimental anxiety-depressive state induced by diprotin A in the first postnatal week

ZHurnal «Patologicheskaia fiziologiia i eksperimental`naia terapiia» ◽

10.25557/0031-2991.2018.04.5-12 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 5-12

Author(s):

Н.А. Крупина ◽

Н.Н. Хлебникова

Keyword(s):

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Depressive State ◽

New Model ◽

Serum Corticosterone ◽

Swim Test ◽

Elevated Plus Maze Test ◽

Maze Test ◽

Forced Swim ◽

Plus Maze

В предыдущих исследованиях мы показали, что у крысят, подвергнутых на второй-третьей неделях постнатального развития действию ингибиторов дипептидилпептидазы IV (ДП-IV), в дальнейшем развивалось смешанное тревожно-депрессивное состояние, которое характеризовалось повышением уровня кортикостерона в сыворотке крови. Трициклический антидепрессант имипрамин купировал проявления депрессивноподобного поведения у таких крыс в тесте принудительного плавания. Данные свидетельствовали в пользу соответствия данных моделей основным критериям валидности - «внешней схожести», прогностическому и конструкционному критериям. Недавно в наших исследованиях была разработана новая модель смешанного тревожно-депрессивного состояния, индуцируемая действием ингибитора ДП-IV дипротина А в первую неделю постнатального развития крысят. Цель настоящего исследования - валидизация данной модели тревожно-депрессивного состояния. Методы. Крысятам опытной группы вводили дипротин А (2 мг/кг, внутрибрюшинно), животным контрольной группы - физиологический раствор. У крыс подросткового возраста и взрослых животных оценивали двигательную активность (тест «Автоматизированное открытое поле»), уровень тревожности (тест «Приподнятый крестообразный лабиринт») и депрессивно-подобное поведение (тест принудительного плавания). Двухмесячным животным однократно вводили анксиолитик диазепам (1,25 мг/кг) с последующей оценкой уровня тревожности. Уровень кортикостерона в сыворотке крови определяли методом твердофазного иммуноферментного анализа. Результаты. Действие дипротина А индуцировало развитие депрессивноподобного поведения у крыс в возрасте 1 и 2 мес., и повышало уровень тревожности у двухмесячных крыс. Содержание кортикостерона в крови таких животных превышало контрольный уровень. Диазепам нормализовал уровень тревожности и привыкание в тесте «Приподнятый крестообразный лабиринт». Заключение. Полученные данные свидетельствуют в пользу валидности новой модели смешанного тревожно-депрессивного состояния у крыс, создаваемой действием ингибитора ДП-IV дипротина А в первую неделю постнатального развития. Earlier we have shown that rat pups treated with dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP-IV) inhibitors in the second to third postnatal weeks further developed a mixed anxiety-depressive state, which was characterized by increased blood corticosterone. Imipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant, suppressed the depressive-like behavior in such rats in the forced swim test. This supported the consistency of these models with the main criteria of validity, «outward similarity» and predictive and construction criteria. Recently we have developed a new model of mixed anxiety-depressive state, induced by a DP-IV inhibitor, diprotin A, administered in the first postnatal week. The aim of this study was to validate this model of anxiety-depressive state. Methods. Diprotin A (2 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered to rats of the experimental group, and saline - to the control animals. Motor activity (automated open field test), anxiety (elevated plus-maze test), and depressive-like behavior (forced swim test) were evaluated in adolescent and adult rats. Two-month-old animals were injected with a single dose of the anxiolytic diazepam (1.25 mg/kg) followed by the anxiety tests. Serum corticosterone level was measured using enzyme immunoassay. Results. Diprotin A induced depressive-like behavior in rats aged one and two months and increased anxiety in two-month-old rats. In these animals, serum corticosterone concentration exceeded the control level. Diazepam normalized anxiety and habituation in the elevated plus-maze test. Conclusion. The study supported the validity of the new model of mixed anxiety-depressive state in rats induced by the DP-IV inhibitor, diprotin A, administered in the first postnatal week.

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Antidepressant- and anxiogenic-like effects of acute 5-HT2C receptor activation in rats exposed to the forced swim test and elevated plus maze.

Psychology & Neuroscience ◽

10.3922/j.psns.2010.2.014 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 245-249 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Flavia Gomes ◽

Marília Greidinger ◽

Marcelo Salviano ◽

Kalliu Carvalho Couto ◽

Graziela Ferreira Scaperlli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Receptor Activation ◽

Swim Test ◽

Forced Swim ◽

Plus Maze

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Attenuation of stress-induced behavioral changes by activation of serotonin type 7 receptors in the median raphe nucleus of rats

Journal of Psychopharmacology ◽

10.1177/0269881120936467 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (8) ◽

pp. 901-913

Author(s):

Willian Lazarini-Lopes ◽

Fabiana Corsi-Zuelli ◽

Cláudia M Padovan

Keyword(s):

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Raphe Nucleus ◽

Behavioral Changes ◽

Median Raphe ◽

Median Raphe Nucleus ◽

Swim Test ◽

Forced Swim ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Median Raphé

Background: Exposure to stressful aversive situations induces physiological and behavioral changes. Serotonin has been suggested to mediate such changes, as well as adaptation to stressful events. Serotoninergic projections arising from the median raphe nucleus to the dorsal hippocampus have been suggested to promote adaptation to chronic aversive stimuli. Such pathway may involve serotonin type 1a receptor-mediated neurotransmission. However, the serotonin 7 receptor can also be found in the median raphe nucleus and may be involved in mechanisms underlying response to stress. Aims: In this work we sought to investigate if activation of serotonin type 7 receptors would attenuate stress-induced deficits in different animal models of depression. Methods: Male Wistar rats with a guide-cannula aimed to the median raphe nucleus were submitted to restraint or forced swim stress and were tested in an elevated plus maze or forced swim test, respectively, 24 h later. SB 258741 (serotonin type 7 receptor antagonist) and/or LP 44 (serotonin type 7 receptor agonist) were administered intra-median raphe nucleus immediately before or after exposure to stress or before test. Control groups received intra-median raphe nucleus treatment 24 h or immediately before test in the elevated plus maze or forced swim test. Results: LP 44 attenuated restraint-induced exploratory deficits independently of the moment it was administered. Similar results were observed in the forced swim test, with the exception on post-stress condition. These effects on adaptation to stress induced by serotonin type 7 receptor activation were prevented by previous treatment with SB 258741. Conclusions: Our data support the idea that activation of median raphe nucleus serotonin 7 receptor is important to the development of adaptation to stress.

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Effects of aging on behavioral assessment performance: implications for clinically relevant models of neurological disease

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/2012.5.jns112224 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 117 (3) ◽

pp. 629-637 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Ryan C. Turner ◽

Michael J. Seminerio ◽

Zachary J. Naser ◽

J. Neal Ford ◽

Samantha J. Martin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adult ◽

Functional Assessment ◽

Neurological Disease ◽

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Swim Test ◽

Forced Swim ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Effects Of Aging

Object Despite the role of aging in development of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, the effects of age are often disregarded in experimental design of preclinical studies. Functional assessment increases the clinical relevance of animal models of neurological disease and adds value beyond traditional histological measures. However, the relationship between age and functional impairment has not been systematically assessed through a battery of functional tests. Methods In this study, various sensorimotor and behavioral tests were used to evaluate effects of aging on functional performance in naive animals. Sensorimotor measures included locomotor activity; Rotarod, inclined plane, and grip-strength testing; and modified Neurological Severity Score. The Morris water maze was used to examine differences in learning and memory, and the elevated plus maze and forced swim test were used to assess anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors, respectively. Results Older Sprague-Dawley rats (18–20 months) were found to perform significantly worse on the inclined plane tests, and they exhibited alterations in elevated-plus maze and forced swim test compared with young adult rats (3–4 months). Specifically, older rats exhibited reduced exploration of open arms in elevated plus maze and higher immobility time in forced swim test. Spatial acquisition and reference memory were diminished in older rats compared with those in young adult rats. Conclusions This study demonstrates clear differences between naive young adult and older animals, which may have implications in functional assessment for preclinical models of neurological disease.

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Standardised ginseng extract G115® potentiates the antidepressant-like properties of fluoxetine in the forced swim test

Acta Neuropsychiatrica ◽

10.1017/neu.2021.2 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Dylan J. Terstege ◽

Debra S. MacDonald ◽

R. Andrew Tasker

Keyword(s):

Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Ginseng Root ◽

Group Differences ◽

Post Mortem ◽

Ginseng Extract ◽

Significant Group ◽

Swim Test ◽

Forced Swim ◽

Plus Maze

Abstract Objective: Ginsenosides, biologically active components of the root of Panax ginseng, have been reported to have therapeutic benefits in a number of disease states including psychiatric conditions such as major depressive disorder. Our objective was to determine if a standardised commercial ginseng extract, G115®, could reduce the signs of behavioural despair commonly observed in animal models of depression either alone or in combination with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (N = 51) were divided into four groups: vehicle control, G115® ginseng root extract, fluoxetine and fluoxetine plus G115®. Rats were trained to voluntarily consume treatments twice daily for 14 days and were then tested in an open field (OF), elevated plus maze (EPM) and forced swim test (FST). Post-mortem hippocampal and prefrontal cortex tissue was analysed for expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) by western blot. Results: One-way Analysis of Variance revealed no significant group differences in the OF or plus-maze performance on any variable examined. In the FST, fluoxetine significantly reduced immobility time and increased latency to immobility. The effects of fluoxetine were further significantly potentiated by co-administration of G115®. Post-mortem tissue analysis revealed significant group differences in BDNF expression in the left hippocampus and left prefrontal cortex without any accompanying changes in TrkB expression. Conclusions: We conclude that oral G115® significantly potentiates the antidepressant-like effect of fluoxetine in the FST in the absence of potentially confounding effects on locomotion and anxiety.

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Potentials of Mangifera indica in the treatment of depressive-anxiety disorders: possible mechanisms of action

Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine ◽

10.1515/jcim-2015-0047 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ismail O. Ishola ◽

Olufunsho Awodele ◽

Chinedum O. Eluogu

Keyword(s):

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Mangifera Indica ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Tail Suspension ◽

Swim Test ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Therapeutic Doses

Abstract:: HeMI (12.5–100 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered 1 h before subjecting the animal to the forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and elevated plus maze tests (EPM).: HeMI (12.5–100 mg/kg, p.o.) treatment produced significant reduction in immobility time [F(6.56)=8.35, p<0.001], [F(6,56)=7.55, p<0.001] in the FST and TST, respectively. Moreover, co-administration of sub-therapeutic doses of imipramine or fluoxetine with HeMI (3.125 mg/kg) elicited significant reduction in time spent immobile in the FST. However, pretreatment of mice with parachlorophenylalanine, metergoline, yohimbine or sulpiride abolished the antidepressant-like effect elicited by HeMI. In the EPM, HeMI produced significant [F(5,42)=8.91, p<0.001] increase in open arms exploration by 75.55 % and this effect was blocked by pretreatment of mice with flumazenil or metergoline.: Findings from this study showed antidepressant-like effect of

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