scholarly journals Higher-order conditioning of taste-odor learning in rats: Evidence for the association between emotional aspects of gustatory information and olfactory information

2016 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 407-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuya Onuma ◽  
Nobuyuki Sakai
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Olfactory Information ◽  
Order Conditioning ◽  
Odor Learning ◽  
Emotional Aspects ◽  
Gustatory Information

Extinction, Stimulus Generalization and Partial Reinforcement for Higher-Order Meaning Conditioning

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 288-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam W. Miller ◽  
Wylla D. Barsness
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Stimulus Generalization ◽  
Reinforcement Schedules ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Order Conditioning

This study investigated the degree to which higher-order conditioning of word meaning demonstrated acquisition, stimulus generalization, extinction and differential effects of reinforcement schedules. For 120 Ss, using a 2 × 3 factorial design, only extinction was not demonstrated. S awareness was unrelated to acquisition.

1. How we smell

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Matthew Cobb
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Receptor Type ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Wiring Diagram ◽  
Olfactory Neurons ◽  
Olfactory Information ◽  
The Brain

‘How we smell’ explains the processes, mechanisms, and anatomy behind smell or olfaction. What is the dimensionality of smell? Ancient Greek and Roman philosophers argued that pleasant smells were made up of round atoms and unpleasant smells of pointed ones; while the detail is incorrect, the theory is accurate. When we smell something, olfactory neurons send a response into the brain where they converge with cells with the same receptor type to form a ball-shaped structure, the glomerulus. Higher order neurons then combine signals across glomeruli to extract olfactory information from the environment. All animals with a brain share this basic wiring diagram for detecting smells.

Application of Pavlovian higher-order conditioning to the analysis of the neural substrates of fear conditioning

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 453-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan C Gewirtz ◽  
Michael Davis
Keyword(s):  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Order Conditioning

scholarly journals Higher-Order Conditioning Is Impaired by Hippocampal Lesions

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (18) ◽  
pp. 2202-2207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asaf Gilboa ◽  
Melanie Sekeres ◽  
Morris Moscovitch ◽  
Gordon Winocur
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Order Conditioning ◽  
Hippocampal Lesions

Higher-Order Conditioning in the Monkey

1957 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. Murphy ◽  
R. E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Order Conditioning

Higher Order Conditioning in the Newborn Rat: Effects of Temporal Disparity Imply Infantile Encoding of Simultaneous Events

Infancy ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Cheslock ◽  
E. I. Varlinskaya ◽  
J. M. High ◽  
N. E. Spear
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Newborn Rat ◽  
Order Conditioning ◽  
Temporal Disparity

scholarly journals Higher-Order Conditioning in the Spatial Domain

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youcef Bouchekioua ◽  
Yutaka Kosaki ◽  
Shigeru Watanabe ◽  
Aaron P. Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Cognitive Map ◽  
Place Learning ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Order Conditioning ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Motor Actions

Spatial learning and memory, the processes through which a wide range of living organisms encode, compute, and retrieve information from their environment to perform goal-directed navigation, has been systematically investigated since the early twentieth century to unravel behavioral and neural mechanisms of learning and memory. Early theories about learning to navigate space considered that animals learn through trial and error and develop responses to stimuli that guide them to a goal place. According to a trial-and error learning view, organisms can learn a sequence of motor actions that lead to a goal place, a strategy referred to as response learning, which contrasts with place learning where animals learn locations with respect to an allocentric framework. Place learning has been proposed to produce a mental representation of the environment and the cartesian relations between stimuli within it—which Tolman coined the cognitive map. We propose to revisit some of the best empirical evidence of spatial inference in animals, and then discuss recent attempts to account for spatial inferences within an associative framework as opposed to the traditional cognitive map framework. We will first show how higher-order conditioning can successfully account for inferential goal-directed navigation in a variety of situations and then how vectors derived from path integration can be integrated via higher-order conditioning, resulting in the generation of higher-order vectors that explain novel route taking. Finally, implications to cognitive map theories will be discussed.

scholarly journals Higher-Order Conditioning With Simultaneous and Backward Conditioned Stimulus: Implications for Models of Pavlovian Conditioning

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Prével ◽  
Ruth M. Krebs
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Temporal Difference ◽  
Conditioned Stimuli ◽  
Form Complex ◽  
Reward Prediction ◽  
Order Conditioning

In a new environment, humans and animals can detect and learn that cues predict meaningful outcomes, and use this information to adapt their responses. This process is termed Pavlovian conditioning. Pavlovian conditioning is also observed for stimuli that predict outcome-associated cues; a second type of conditioning is termed higher-order Pavlovian conditioning. In this review, we will focus on higher-order conditioning studies with simultaneous and backward conditioned stimuli. We will examine how the results from these experiments pose a challenge to models of Pavlovian conditioning like the Temporal Difference (TD) models, in which learning is mainly driven by reward prediction errors. Contrasting with this view, the results suggest that humans and animals can form complex representations of the (temporal) structure of the task, and use this information to guide behavior, which seems consistent with model-based reinforcement learning. Future investigations involving these procedures could result in important new insights on the mechanisms that underlie Pavlovian conditioning.

scholarly journals Pavlovian conditioning and signaling: Higher order conditioning and transfer in rats

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-223
Author(s):  
Philip Compton ◽  
Donna White ◽  
Donald Robbins
Keyword(s):  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Order Conditioning
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