Comparative study of the China and U.S. import trade structure based on the global chromium ore trade network

Humanistic factors have been playing increasingly significant roles in international trade. Recently, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) proposed by China has drawn worldwide attention. This paper examines the roles of humanistic factors in international trade networks across the BRI countries. Firstly, we analyzed the structural characteristics of the import trade network across the 61 BRI countries and subsequently adopted the cross-sectional exponential random graph model (ERGM) and temporal ERGM to analyze the role of different humanistic factors in the evolution of import trade network from the static and dynamic perspectives, respectively. The results show the following: (I) the network scale of the import trade across the BRI countries has been expanding, the network density of the trade has been increasing gradually, and the “small-world” characteristics of import network are gradually revealed; (II) all of the factors such as a common (official or spoken) language, a common legal origin, a common religious belief, and ever sibling relationship help the BRI countries establish closer import trade ties; and (III) the differences of trade liberalization and financial liberalization, gross domestic product (GDP), and population in different countries also contribute to the evolution of import trade network among the BRI countries, and the countries with relatively higher GDP and greater population are more active in the import trade network.

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The German milky way: trade structure of the milk industry and possible consequences of a food crisis

Journal on Chain and Network Science ◽

10.3920/jcns2012.x001 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 25-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

B. Pinior ◽

U. Platz ◽

U. Ahrens ◽

B. Petersen ◽

F. Conraths ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Network Analysis ◽

Milky Way ◽

Centrality Measures ◽

Food Crisis ◽

Trade Network ◽

Trade Structure ◽

Milk Industry ◽

Improve Food Security

The aim of this paper is to analyze the structure of the trade network between milk producers, dairies and milk collection companies in Germany through a network analysis using suitable centrality measures. The study shows that structures exist among the relevant enterprises which are critical for the spread of a contamination in the German milk trade network. The results may be used to improve food security

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Optimization of Crude Oil Trade Structure: A Complex Network Analysis

Complexity ◽

10.1155/2021/3480546 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Gaogao Dong ◽

Ting Qing ◽

Lixin Tian ◽

Ruijin Du ◽

Jingjing Li

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Complex Network ◽

Minimum Spanning Tree ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Topological Analysis ◽

Energy System ◽

Power Law Distribution ◽

Trade Network ◽

Complex Network Theory ◽

Trade Structure

With the contradiction between supply and demand being intensified, the unreasonable crude oil trade structure has become increasingly prominent. Therefore, optimizing the supply and demand structure of the global crude oil trade is an urgent problem, which has become one of the crucial factors affecting the energy strategy and economic development of each country. This paper builds an optimization model that aims at minimizing crude oil trade costs based on the complex network theory. Meanwhile, an optimal solution generation approach is proposed and developed in this paper. Compared with the preoptimized trade network, the proposed model can effectively reduce the trade cost. By topological analysis of the trade network and its optimal configuration, we obtain that both the preoptimized and optimized crude oil trade networks follow power-law distribution. By using the minimum spanning tree, we find that the major crude oil net exporting countries have the most significant influence and are at the core in the optimized trade structure. This work focuses on the sustainable development of the global crude oil trade and provides a fresh perspective for the optimal crude oil trade system. Moreover, the methodology and model may be applied in the investigation of optimization for other energy system structures.

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Research on the Influence of Shanghai Import Trade Structure on Technological Progress

Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal ◽

10.14738/assrj.84.10033 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 361-373

Author(s):

Xie Guoe ◽

Yu Jia

Keyword(s):

Impulse Response ◽

Technological Progress ◽

New Technologies ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Response Analysis ◽

Intermediate Goods ◽

Capital Goods ◽

Trade Structure ◽

Impulse Response Analysis ◽

Import Trade

Based on the statistical data from 1995 to 2018, this paper uses regression analysis, error correction model and impulse response analysis to empirically test the specific impact of import trade structure on Shanghai's technological progress. The results show that the decrease in the proportion of intermediate goods imports promotes the technological progress, while the increase in the proportion of capital goods imports has a significant positive impact on Shanghai's technological progress. The relationship between FDI and technological progress in Shanghai is negative. The development of Finance and the increase of patent authorization promote the technological progress of Shanghai. The stability test of VEC model shows that there is a long-term equilibrium and stable relationship among the variables. Impulse response analysis shows that there is a bidirectional interaction between the import trade structure and Shanghai's technological progress. Therefore, we should further reduce the quantity of intermediate goods with low technology content and increase the import volume of capital goods appropriately. At the same time, we should attach importance to innovation based on introduction and absorption, and use the platform of China International Import Expo to attract foreign enterprises to widely display new products, new technologies and new services of various countries, so as to help high-quality development in the future.

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The Effect of Real Effective Exchange Rate Changes on China’s Import Trade Structure

Business Prospects ◽

10.52288/bp.27089851.2021.06.08 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 41-50

Author(s):

Grant G. L. Yang ◽

Amy Li

Keyword(s):

Exchange Rate ◽

Income Elasticity ◽

Cointegration Analysis ◽

Real Effective Exchange Rate ◽

Total Trade ◽

The Real ◽

Trade Structure ◽

Effective Exchange ◽

Effective Exchange Rate ◽

Import Trade

The real effective exchange rate (REER) has a double effect on the value of imports. The appreciation of the real effective exchange rate directly reduces the price of imports and expands the quantity of imports, but the increase in the quantity of imports will stimulate the rise of import prices and indirectly restrain the quantity of imports. Using ADF unit root test, cointegration analysis and Granger’s causality test, this paper empirically studies the relationship between the real effective exchange rate of RMB and the consumption trade imports, total trade imports and import trade structure from 1997 to 2019. The conclusion shows that the appreciation of the real effective exchange rate of RMB will reduce the total trade imports and increase the proportion of consumption trade imports, but the effect of that on consumption trade imports is not clear. Results of this study provide evidence that the price effect of RMB’s real effective exchange rate is greater than the income effect of GDP growth. The price elasticity is 0.96 times the income elasticity for consumption trade imports, 2.45 for total trade imports, and 15.24 times for import trade structure.

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