How the Telegraph and the Telephone Formed a Worldwide Wired Electromagnetic Environment

The principle of electromagnetic induction was independently discovered by Michael Faraday (England) and Joseph Henry (USA) in 1831–32. The momentous discovery gave birth to numerous inventions that made civilization “modern,” beginning with the telegraph. First the telegraph and then the telephone required the installation of millions of miles of electric wire to cross continents and oceans in order to function as a global telecommunications system. These wires created a wholly new, anthropogenic electromagnetic environment, whose frequencies were orders of magnitude greater than those occurring naturally. Its effects on human beings, particularly inside cities, and the biosphere generally were unknown. Even now, more than a century later, the medical and environmental effects of this worldwide wired infrastructure are at best but partially understood. The telecommunications revolutions of the mid- and late 19th century were eagerly anticipated and implemented swiftly on an unprecedented scale, creating the technological basis for worldwide instantaneous communication. This paper describes the key discoveries that created the scientific and technical breakthroughs that allowed the first telecommunications revolutions to take place.

Spending on K-12 Public Education: The Lebanese Case

The purpose of this paper was to examine the public spending on education in Lebanon, in order to make recommendations for executives to strategize this sector. This is a desk review paper that uses secondary resources, using rigorous criteria for document selection. The paper overviews the importance of spending on education and its relationship with the overall quality of education. It highlights the different factors affecting public spending peculiar to the Lebanese context, the various challenges confronting the Lebanese K-12 public education sector, and the spending of Lebanon on it. It provides recommendations for stakeholders and policy-makers on areas that require more attention in terms of spending.

High Wisdom Intelligence- Discussing Education of High Wisdom Intelligence

The number of talented persons who are equipped with high wisdom intelligence will immediately determine the quality of humankind’s entire life, and the future trend for humankind’s innovation and creation in fields such as thinking, cognition, society, politics, economy, military, science, arts, culture, and so on. Meanwhile, it protects the harmonious development of various fields. By illustrating the meanings of applying high wisdom intelligence in the survival and prosperity for each nation, ethnicity and individual, this article has a significant application to the understanding of educational studies of highwisdom intelligence.

The temporal and spatial scales of arable land loss and its impact in Guangxi, China: A Commentary

Cropland abandonment because of rural depopulation or policy interventions has become a key issue in Chinese mountainous areas. One such region is the Guangxi Karst Mountainous Area (GKMA), a zone where more than 59% of total land area is hilly and arable land of a commercially viable size is almost non-existent. The rugged terrain and land fragmentation in upland karst areas result in the scarcity of land suitable for cultivation. Although depopulation and declining agriculture since 2000 within the GKMA have led to vast areas of abandoned cropland, the spatiotemporal distribution that underlies this pattern as well as its causes remain little understood. Geomorphic features also bring about differences in the distribution of settlements. Settlements with different degrees of distribution are accompanied by spatial differences in cultivated land resources, which lead to differences in the sufficiency of cultivated land resources. In this paper we provide an overview of the magnitude of the problem of arable land loss. settlements and analyze the spatial distribution and the spatial agglomeration of the cultivated land.

Fano: A living saviour of the Amhara people And the Ethiopian spirit

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Communicating The Amil Zakat National Agency (BAZNAS) and Its Authority Based on the Zakat Management Act (23/2011) in Indonesi

This research aimed to see how BAZNAS communicates its authority based on Law 23/2011 to its stakeholders. Zakat management in Indonesia is being regulated by the Law Number 23 of 2011 which replaced Law Number 38 of 1999. The change of regulation was expected to push Zakat collection higher as its great potential, but until 2019 there was no significant change in the amount of Zakat collection. We see the problem in the authority changes that have not working optimally. Thus, this research can help BAZNAS to map out the problems related to the implementation of Law 23/2011. The research used a qualitative approach by conducting in-depth interviews, library and documentation studies. Eleven expert informants were chosen for their connection and understanding of BAZNAS. The results showed that the BAZNAS authority was accepted by all stakeholders even though it did not take place as the prerequisite for the acceptance of Barnard's authority. The changes in authority had been understood by the leaders but only halfway understood by the employees. The changes in the authority were following the vision and mission of BAZNAS. However, they were still not in line with the expectations of many parties. Finally, the changes in the BAZNAS authority were still not fully implemented by BAZNAS stakeholders. The regulatory changes could not be fully implemented yet due to differences in the interpretation of legal authority between each level of BAZNAS.

Reconceptualizing Idol Making in the Context of Bangladesh

While bringing into attention the creative skills of a local Idol maker, this paper aims at exploring Idol making in the light of the maker’s perception and simultaneously placing it within the broader social and cultural context of Bangladesh. It seeks to understand the meaning that idol-making carries to its creator, and the meaning of idol-making that is felt within the larger social context of Bangladesh. While doing so, this paper investigates the concept of art prevailing in contemporary Bangladeshi society and therefore, examines the creative dimensions of idol making from folkloristic and material culture perspectives. Along with bringing forth the unheard stories of a local Bangladeshi idol maker, this paper aims at dismantling the grand narratives of art that existed within Bengali society and therefore, provides an opportunity to reconceptualize the artistic dimension of local idol making in Bangladesh.

Implication of Multi-National Corporations (MNC’s) and Commercial Tea Plantation Agriculture on the Small Scale Farmers of Kericho in Kenya, 1963 -2010.

The introduction of tea as a cash crop in Kericho revolutionised farming among the Kipsigis of Kericho. While the independence of Kenya in 1963 was expected to come along with economic empowerment and freedom among its people, many still struggle to meet their daily needs and live below the poverty line. For Kericho residents, MNC’s continued their domination in plantation tea farming at the expense of the local communities who are wallowing in poverty. Although MNC’s contribute in the provision of social services to the local community as part of their corporate social responsibility, this assistance is a drop in the ocean considering the massive capital and technology that these corporations wield and which have been instrumental in relegating the small scale farmers to the periphery and creating dependency. This study explored the implication of MNC’s engaged in plantation tea farming in Kericho District (presently Kericho County) on local peasant farmers.

Update and Acceleration of Health Care Using Artificial Intelligence in Medical Treatments and Diagnostics

Researchers support the growth of artificial intelligence and similar methods in health and medical care for the purpose of continuously improving processes. By focusing on the growth on data analytics, statistics, applied mathematics, and computer methods including machine learning, the future of health-care methods will change. The development of computerized methods and the growth of data systems produce ample materials for artificial intelligence to develop and to bring physician assistance programs to enable continuous improvement resulting in superior health and medical care. This includes applications in intensive care as well as diagnostic therapies. The focus is on examples in the use of the promising developments in data science methods, the accumulation of medical and research data. With quality and continuous improvement in process control applications where one determines the usefulness of data analytics, there are great possibilities of change in the improvement in medical applications as well as the management of medical and health-care treatment and diagnostic facilities.

Initiating Change Through Participative Leadership

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