scholarly journals Interaction between normal fault slip and erosion on relief evolution: Insights from experimental modelling

2011 ◽  
Vol 513 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Strak ◽  
S. Dominguez ◽  
C. Petit ◽  
B. Meyer ◽  
N. Loget
Keyword(s):  
Normal Fault ◽  
Fault Slip ◽  
Experimental Modelling

scholarly journals Quantifying Normal Fault Evolution from River Profile Analysis in the Northern Basin and Range Province, Southwest Montana, USA

Lithosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian P. Armstrong ◽  
Brian J. Yanites ◽  
Nate Mitchell ◽  
Clarke DeLisle ◽  
Bruce J. Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Normal Fault ◽  
Basin And Range ◽  
Fault Slip ◽  
Stream Power ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Basin And Range Province ◽  
Slip Rates ◽  
Base Level ◽  
River Profiles ◽  
Fault Evolution

Abstract Over the past few decades, tectonic geomorphology has been widely implemented to constrain spatial and temporal patterns of fault slip, especially where existing geologic or geodetic data are poor. We apply this practice along the eastern margin of Bull Mountain, Southwest Montana, where 15 transient channels are eroding into the flat, upstream relict landscape in response to an ongoing period of increased base level fall along the Western North Boulder fault. We aim to improve constraints on the spatial and temporal slip rates across the Western North Boulder fault zone by applying channel morphometrics, cosmogenic erosion rates, bedrock characteristics, and calibrated reproductions of the modern river profiles using a 1-dimensional stream power incision model that undergoes a change in the rate of base level fall. We perform over 104 base level fall simulations to explore a wide range of fault slip dynamics and stream power parameters. Our best fit simulations suggest that the Western North Boulder fault started as individual fault segments along the middle to southern regions of Bull Mountain that nucleated around 6.2 to 2.5 Ma, respectively. This was followed by the nucleation of fault segments in the northern region around 1.5 to 0.4 Ma. We recreate the evolution of the Western North Boulder fault to show that through time, these individual segments propagate at the fault tips and link together to span over 40 km, with a maximum slip of 462 m in the central portion of the fault. Fault slip rates range from 0.02 to 0.45 mm/yr along strike and are consistent with estimates for other active faults in the region. We find that the timing of fault initiation coincides well with the migration of the Yellowstone hotspot across the nearby Idaho-Montana border and thus attribute the initiation of extension to the crustal bulge from the migrating hotspot. Overall, we provide the first quantitative constraints on fault initiation and evolution of the Western North Boulder fault, perhaps the farthest north basin in the Northern Basin and Range province that such constraints exist. We show that river profiles are powerful tools for documenting the spatial and temporal patterns of normal fault evolution, especially where other geologic/geodetic methods are limited, proving to be a vital tool for accurate tectonic hazard assessments.

scholarly journals Earthquake supercycles as part of a spectrum of normal fault slip styles

2017 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 3221-3240 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Biemiller ◽  
Luc Lavier
Keyword(s):  
Normal Fault ◽  
Fault Slip

Geoarchaeology and paleoseismology blend to define the Fucino active normal fault slip history, central Italy

2017 ◽  
Vol 451 ◽  
pp. 114-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Gori ◽  
E. Falcucci ◽  
F. Galadini ◽  
M. Moro ◽  
M. Saroli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Italy ◽  
Normal Fault ◽  
Fault Slip ◽  
Slip History

Fast cooling of normal-fault footwalls: rapid fault slip or thermal relaxation?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhard Wolff ◽  
Ralf Hetzel ◽  
István Dunkl ◽  
Aneta A. Anczkiewicz ◽  
Hannah Pomella
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Relaxation ◽  
Normal Fault ◽  
Geothermal Gradient ◽  
Eastern Alps ◽  
Fault Slip ◽  
European Alps ◽  
Normal Faulting ◽  
Heat Advection ◽  
Fast Cooling ◽  
Parallel Extension

<p>Rapid rock exhumation in mountain belts is often associated with crustal-scale normal faulting during late-orogenic extension. The process of normal faulting advects hot footwall rocks towards the Earth's surface, which shifts isotherms upwards and increases the geothermal gradient. When faulting stops, this process is reversed and isotherms move downwards during thermal relaxation. Owing to these temporal changes of the geothermal gradient, it is not straightforward to derive the history of faulting from mineral cooling ages (Braun, 2016). Here, we combine thermochronological data with thermokinematic modeling to illustrate the importance of syntectonic heat advection and posttectonic thermal relaxation for a crustal-scale normal fault in the European Alps. The N–S trending Brenner fault defines the western margin of the Tauern Window and caused the exhumation of medium-grade metamorphic rocks during Miocene orogen-parallel extension of the Alps (Rosenberg & Garcia, 2011; Fügenschuh et al., 2012). We analyzed samples from a 2-km-thick crustal section, including a 1000-m-long drillcore. Zircon and apatite (U-Th)/He ages along this transect increase with elevation from ~8 to ~10 Ma and from ~7 to ~9 Ma, respectively, but differ by only ~1 Myr in individual samples. Thermokinematic modeling of the ages indicates that the Brenner fault became active 19±2 Ma ago and caused 35±10 km of crustal extension, which is consistent with independent geological constraints. The model results further suggest that the fault slipped at a total rate of 4.2±0.9 km/Myr and became inactive 8.8±0.4 Ma ago. Our findings demonstrate that both syntectonic heat advection and posttectonic thermal relaxation are responsible for the cooling pattern observed in the footwall of the Brenner normal fault.</p><p>References</p><p>Braun, J., 2016, Strong imprint of past orogenic events on the thermochronological record: Tectonophysics, v. 683, p. 325–332.</p><p>Fügenschuh, B., Mancktelow, N., Schmid, S., 2012, Comment on Rosenberg and Garcia: Estimating displacement along the Brenner Fault and orogen-parallel extension in the Eastern Alps: Int. J. Earth Sci., v. 101, p. 1451–1455.</p><p>Rosenberg, C.L., Garcia, S., 2011, Estimating displacement along the Brenner Fault and orogen-parallel extension in the Eastern Alps: Int. J. Earth Sci., v. 100, p. 1129–1145.</p><p>Wolff, R., Hetzel, R., Dunkl, I., Anczkiewicz, A.A., Pomella, H. 2020, Fast cooling of normal-fault footwalls: rapid fault slip or thermal relaxation? Geology, v. 48, doi:10.1130/G46940.1.</p>

scholarly journals Slip rate determined from cosmogenic nuclides on normal-fault facets

Geology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-70
Author(s):  
Jim Tesson ◽  
Lucilla Benedetti ◽  
Vincent Godard ◽  
Catherine Novaes ◽  
Jules Fleury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slip Rate ◽  
Normal Fault ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Fault Slip ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Slip Rates ◽  
Topographic Features ◽  
The Past ◽  
Data Inversion ◽  
Fault Slip Rates

Abstract Facets are major topographic features built over several 100 k.y. above active normal faults. Their development integrates cumulative displacements over a longer time frame than many other geomorphological markers, and they are widespread in diverse extensional settings. We have determined the 36Cl cosmogenic nuclide concentration on limestone faceted spurs at four sites in the Central Apennines (Italy), representing variable facet height (100–400 m). The 36Cl concentration profiles show nearly constant values over the height of the facet, suggesting the facet slope has reached a steady-state equilibrium for 36Cl production. We model the 36Cl buildup on a facet based on a gradual exposure of the sample resulting from fault slip and denudation. Data inversion with this forward model yields accurate constraints on fault slip rates over the past 20–200 k.y., which are in agreement with the long-term rate independently determined on some of those faults over the past 1 m.y. 36Cl measurements on faceted spurs can therefore constrain fault slip rate over time spans as long as 200 k.y., a time period presently undersampled in most morphotectonic studies.

A geological record of changing propagation directions of fault slip events during the growth of a normal fault system

2020 ◽  
Vol 774 ◽  
pp. 228296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conrad Childs ◽  
Efstratios Delogkos ◽  
Tom Manzocchi ◽  
John J. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Normal Fault ◽  
Fault Slip ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Geological Record
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