Fluorine is a critical element for the design of bioactive compounds, but its incorporation with high regio- and stereoselectivity using environmentally friendly reagents and catalysts remains an area of development. Stereogenic tertiary fluorides pose a particular synthetic challenge and are thus present in only a few approved pharmaceuticals such as fluticasone, solithromycin, and sofosbuvir. The aldol reaction of fluorinated donors provides an atom-economical approach to asymmetric C-F motifs via C-C bond formation. Here we report that the type II pyruvate aldolase HpcH and engineered mutants thereof are biocatalysts for carboligation of ß-fluoro-α-ketoacids (including fluoropyruvate, ß-fluoro-α-ketobutyrate, and ß-fluoro-α-ketovalerate) with many diverse aldehydes. The reaction proceeds with kinetic resolution in the case of racemic donors. The reactivity of HpcH towards these new donors, which are non-native in both steric and electronic properties, grants access to enantiopure fragments with secondary or tertiary fluoride stereocenters. In addition to representing the first asymmetric synthesis of tertiary fluorides via biocatalytic carboligation, the afforded products could improve the diversity of fluorinated building blocks and enable the synthesis of fluorinated drug analogs.
A fluoride-responsive genetic circuit enables in vivo biofluorination in engineered Pseudomonas putida
