scholarly journals Experimental infection of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) with West Nile virus strains of lineages 1 and 2

2014 ◽  
Vol 172 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 542-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Del Amo ◽  
Francisco Llorente ◽  
Elisa Pérez-Ramirez ◽  
Ramón C. Soriguer ◽  
Jordi Figuerola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Passer Domesticus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
House Sparrows ◽  
Virus Strains

scholarly journals Experimental infection of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) with West Nile virus isolates of Euro-Mediterranean and North American origins

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Del Amo ◽  
Francisco Llorente ◽  
Jordi Figuerola ◽  
Ramón C Soriguer ◽  
Ana M Moreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
North American ◽  
Passer Domesticus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
House Sparrows ◽  
Virus Isolates

VARIATION IN VIRULENCE OF WEST NILE VIRUS STRAINS FOR HOUSE SPARROWS (PASSER DOMESTICUS)

2005 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
STANLEY A. LANGEVIN ◽  
RICHARD A. BOWEN ◽  
NICHOLAS A. PANELLA ◽  
AARON C. BRAULT ◽  
NICHOLAS KOMAR
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Passer Domesticus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
House Sparrows ◽  
Virus Strains

scholarly journals Dynamics of West Nile Virus Persistence in House Sparrows (Passer domesticus)

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. e1860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah S. Wheeler ◽  
Meighan P. Vineyard ◽  
Leslie W. Woods ◽  
William K. Reisen
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Passer Domesticus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
House Sparrows ◽  
Virus Persistence

scholarly journals Broad-spectrum light pollution suppresses melatonin and increases West Nile virus–induced mortality in House Sparrows (Passer domesticus)

The Condor ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith E Kernbach ◽  
Vincent M Cassone ◽  
Thomas R Unnasch ◽  
Lynn B Martin
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Spectral Composition ◽  
Passer Domesticus ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Color Temperature ◽  
Infectious Period ◽  
West Nile ◽  
House Sparrows

Abstract Artificial light at night (ALAN) has become a pervasive anthropogenic stressor for both humans and wildlife. Although many negative impacts of ALAN on human health have been identified, the consequences for infectious disease dynamics are largely unexplored. With the increase in popularity of energy efficient light-emitting diodes (LEDs), the effects of spectral composition of ALAN have also come into question. Previous studies showed that exposure to low levels of incandescent ALAN extended the infectious period of House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) infected with West Nile virus (WNV) without affecting mortality rates, thus increasing the pathogen initial reproductive rate (R0) by ~41%. Here, we asked whether exposure to broad-spectrum (3000 K [Kelvin; unit of color temperature]) ALAN suppressed melatonin, a hormone implicated in ALAN-induced physiological consequences, in House Sparrows. We then asked whether amber-hue bulbs (1800 K) could ameliorate the effects of WNV on individual sparrows, and whether broad-spectrum or blue-rich bulbs (3000 K and 5000 K, respectively) could exacerbate them. We found that exposure to low intensity (~5 lux) broad-spectrum (3000 K) ALAN significantly suppressed melatonin levels throughout the night. Second, we found that exposure to broad-spectrum and blue-rich (3000 + 5000 K) lights did not affect WNV viremia but did increase WNV-induced mortality. Conversely, birds exposed to amber-hue (1800 K) ALAN had lower viremia and mortality rates similar to controls (i.e. natural light conditions). This study demonstrates that ALAN affects melatonin regulation in birds, but this effect, as well as ALAN influences on infectious disease responses, can be ameliorated by particular lighting technologies.

scholarly journals Introductions of West Nile Virus Strains to Mexico

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor Deardorff ◽  
José G. Estrada-Franco ◽  
Aaron C. Brault ◽  
Roberto Navarro-Lopez ◽  
Arturo Campomanes-Cortes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Virus Strains

Natural and Experimental Infection of Egyptian Equines with West Nile Virus

1963 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack R. Schmidt ◽  
Hassan K. El Mansoury
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
West Nile

Antigenic analysis of West Nile virus strains using monoclonal antibodies

1988 ◽  
Vol 99 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 75-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry G. Besselaar ◽  
N. K. Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Antigenic Analysis ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Virus Strains

scholarly journals Experimental Infection of Cliff Swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) with Varying Doses of West Nile Virus

2009 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 1159-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul T. Oesterle ◽  
Nicole M. Nemeth ◽  
Ginger R. Young ◽  
Kaci VanDalen ◽  
Heather Sullivan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Petrochelidon Pyrrhonota

scholarly journals Light pollution increases West Nile virus competence of a ubiquitous passerine reservoir species

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1907) ◽  
pp. 20191051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith E. Kernbach ◽  
Daniel J. Newhouse ◽  
Jeanette M. Miller ◽  
Richard J. Hall ◽  
Justin Gibbons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Passer Domesticus ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Light Pollution ◽  
Light At Night ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Reservoir Species ◽  
The Many

Among the many anthropogenic changes that impact humans and wildlife, one of the most pervasive but least understood is light pollution. Although detrimental physiological and behavioural effects resulting from exposure to light at night are widely appreciated, the impacts of light pollution on infectious disease risk have not been studied. Here, we demonstrate that artificial light at night (ALAN) extends the infectious-to-vector period of the house sparrow ( Passer domesticus ), an urban-dwelling avian reservoir host of West Nile virus (WNV). Sparrows exposed to ALAN maintained transmissible viral titres for 2 days longer than controls but did not experience greater WNV-induced mortality during this window. Transcriptionally, ALAN altered the expression of gene regulatory networks including key hubs (OASL, PLBD1 and TRAP1) and effector genes known to affect WNV dissemination (SOCS). Despite mounting anti-viral immune responses earlier, transcriptomic signatures indicated that ALAN-exposed individuals probably experienced pathogen-induced damage and immunopathology, potentially due to evasion of immune effectors. A simple mathematical modelling exercise indicated that ALAN-induced increases of host infectious-to-vector period could increase WNV outbreak potential by approximately 41%. ALAN probably affects other host and vector traits relevant to transmission, and additional research is needed to advise the management of zoonotic diseases in light-polluted areas.

scholarly journals On the Fly: Interactions Between Birds, Mosquitoes, and Environment That Have Molded West Nile Virus Genomic Structure Over Two Decades

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1467-1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha K Duggal ◽  
Kate E Langwig ◽  
Gregory D Ebel ◽  
Aaron C Brault
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Genomic Structure ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Relative Effect ◽  
Avian Host ◽  
West Nile ◽  
House Sparrows ◽  
Host Competence

Abstract West Nile virus (WNV) was first identified in North America almost 20 yr ago. In that time, WNV has crossed the continent and established enzootic transmission cycles, resulting in intermittent outbreaks of human disease that have largely been linked with climatic variables and waning avian seroprevalence. During the transcontinental dissemination of WNV, the original genotype has been displaced by two principal extant genotypes which contain an envelope mutation that has been associated with enhanced vector competence by Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) and Culex tarsalis Coquillett vectors. Analyses of retrospective avian host competence data generated using the founding NY99 genotype strain have demonstrated a steady reduction in viremias of house sparrows over time. Reciprocally, the current genotype strains WN02 and SW03 have demonstrated an inverse correlation between house sparrow viremia magnitude and the time since isolation. These data collectively indicate that WNV has evolved for increased avian viremia while house sparrows have evolved resistance to the virus such that the relative host competence has remained constant. Intrahost analyses of WNV evolution demonstrate that selection pressures are avian species-specific and purifying selection is greater in individual birds compared with individual mosquitoes, suggesting that the avian adaptive and/or innate immune response may impose a selection pressure on WNV. Phylogenomic, experimental evolutionary systems, and models that link viral evolution with climate, host, and vector competence studies will be needed to identify the relative effect of different selective and stochastic mechanisms on viral phenotypes and the capacity of newly evolved WNV genotypes for transmission in continuously changing landscapes.

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