Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is one of the trophic factors for intestinal adaptation after small bowel transplantation (SBT). A recent report indicates that nitric oxide (NO) has cytoprotective effects on bacterial translocation (BT) after SBT. We hypothesized that EGF stimulates the expression of the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) gene in the graft after SBT, followed by increased production of NO, resulting in the decrease of BT. Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC)-6 were treated with EGF and/or IL-1β in the presence and absence of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) and EGF receptor kinase inhibitors (LY-294002 and tyrphostin A25). The induction of NO production and iNOS and its signal molecules, including the inhibitory protein of NF-κB (IκB), NF-κB, and Akt, were analyzed. IL-1β stimulated the degradation of IκB and the activation of NF-κB but had no effect on iNOS induction. EGF, which had no effect on the NF-κB activation and iNOS induction, stimulated the upregulation of type 1 IL-1 receptor (IL-1R1) through PI3-kinase/Akt. Simultaneous addition of EGF and IL-1β stimulated synergistically the induction of iNOS, leading to the increased production of NO. Our results indicate that EGF and IL-1β stimulate two essential signals for iNOS induction in IEC-6 cells: the upregulation of IL-1R1 through PI3-kinase/Akt and the activation of NF-κB through IκB kinase, respectively. Simultaneous addition of EGF and IL-1β can enhance the production of NO, which may contribute to the cytoprotective effect of EGF against intestinal injury.
JunD Represses Transcription and Translation of the Tight Junction Protein Zona Occludens-1 Modulating Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function