Histological digestive tract of milkfish’s (Chanos chanos Forskal.) from District Ujung Pangkah, Gresik

Milkfish is a commodity with a high production rate. From the milkfish commodity, Gresik is the center of fishery production in East Java. Milkfish belongs to the herbivore group with the type of food from the plant group. Milkfish cultivation in traditional ponds still uses natural food as the main food for the cultivated commodities. Fish food affects the structure of the digestive tract, especially the intestines of fish. herbivorous fish have very long intestines even many times the body length, compared to omnivorous and carnivorous fish. Thus, this study aims to find out more clearly about the structure of the milkfish gut tissue. The digestive tract is related to the process of digestion, absorption and disposal of food waste, so it has an important role in the growth of fish. The research method used was descriptive experimental by making preparations of fish intestinal tissue and staining with Hematoxylin Eosin. The intestines of the fish observed were the front, middle and back. Observation of the preparations using a microscope with a dot slide scan photo. From the results of the study obtained an overview of the intestinal tissue structure of the upper (proximal), middle (middle) and lower (distal) fish. The structure of the front, middle and back of the milkfish gut tissue is similar, the difference lies in the number and thickness of the villi.

Directly recruited GATA6 + peritoneal cavity macrophages contribute to the repair of intestinal serosal injury

Recruitment of bone marrow derived monocytes via bloodstream and their subsequent conversion to CX3CR1+ macrophages in response to intestinal injury is dependent on CCR2, Nr4a1, and the microbiome. This process is critical for proper tissue repair; however, GATA6+ peritoneal cavity macrophages might represent an alternative, more readily available source of mature and functional myeloid cells at the damaged intestinal locations. Here we show, using spinning-disk confocal microscopy, that large F4/80hiGATA6+ peritoneal cavity macrophages promptly accumulate at damaged intestinal sites upon intestinal thermal injury and upon dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice via a direct route from the peritoneal cavity. In contrast to bloodstream derived monocytes/macrophages, cavity macrophages do not depend on CCR2, Nr4a1 or the microbiome for recruitment, but rather on the ATP-release and exposed hyaluronan at the site of injury. They participate in the removal of necrotic cells, revascularization and collagen deposition and thus resolution of tissue damage. In summary, peritoneal cavity macrophages represent a rapid alternative route of intestinal tissue repair to traditional monocyte-derived macrophages.

Circulating Metabolomics Suggest Neutropenic Fever As a Metabolic Derangement Related to Intestinal Tissue Damage and Gut Dysbiosis

Introduction: Despite antibiotic prophylaxis, most patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) develop neutropenic fever (NF) during intensive chemotherapy, suggesting a non-infectious etiology in many cases. In addition, escalated antibiotics used to treat NF increase the risk of Clostridioides difficile infection, promote pathogen colonization, prolong hospitalization, and increase healthcare costs. More effective prevention of NF, preferably using non-antibiotic approaches, is needed. We hypothesized that a longitudinal analysis of the circulating metabolome may reveal novel aspects of NF pathogenesis and identify potential targets for new preventative interventions. Methods: We analyzed 128 longitudinal serum samples from 17 intensively treated adult patients with AML between hospital admission and day 28 of chemotherapy. Samples were collected between 6-8 AM every Mon and Thu. Samples were subjected to ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results: All patients developed NF. A total of 1,031 metabolites were identified. Principal components analysis of the circulating metabolome could not resolve individual patients (Fig. 1a). In contrast, pre- vs. post-NF samples were partially clustered (Fig. 1b), suggesting a metabolomic shift associated with NF. After correcting for false discovery, 26 and 27 metabolites were higher in pre- and post-NF samples, respectively (q<0.05, |log fold-change| >1; Fig. 1c). The most significant metabolite that was different between post- and pre-NF samples was citrulline, with a mean concentration ratio of 0.65 between the two groups (q<10-5, Fig. 1c). Citrulline is a known biomarker for total enterocyte mass and its lower levels in post-NF samples indicate intestinal tissue damage as a potential etiology for NF. Another notable metabolite was 3-indoxyl sulfate (3-IS), a tryptophan metabolite and biomarker of gut microbiota diversity and clostridia abundance. 3-IS levels also decreased in post-NF (post vs. pre ratio: 0.45, q=0.02; Fig. 1c), suggesting a protective role for commensal microbiota against NF. Indoles act via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor to repair the intestinal epithelial barrier. Sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis (sPLS-DA) further improved group separation (Fig. 1d). Significantly altered metabolites in the first analysis along with the top 50 metabolites in sPLS-DA were fed into a random forest which generated the final list of 47 metabolites with largest contributions to group separation, including 3-IS and several citrulline metabolites (top 10 metabolites in Table 1). The most frequent metabolites on this list were those in amino acid (n = 17) and lipid (n = 14, including a secondary bile acid) pathways. Conclusions: This first-time analysis of the circulating metabolome in AML patients with NF suggests NF as a metabolic derangement rather than an infectious event in many patients. Augmenting the intestinal epithelium and maintaining a commensal clostridia-rich gut microbiome may help prevent NF. In addition, our list of altered metabolites introduces an unexplored niche for the development of novel, non-antibiotic-based approaches to prevent NF. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Holtan: Incyte: Consultancy, Research Funding; Generon: Consultancy. Weisdorf: Fate Therapeutics: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding.

Experimental study on the expression and diagnostic significance of I-FABP in acute intestinal ischemia

Objective: To detect the expression and distribution of I-FABP in intestinal tissue and the changes of serum concentrations at different time of acute intestinal ischemia, and explore the significance and mechanism of I-FABP in early diagnosis of acute ischemic bowel disease. Methods: The selected 96 healthy adult SD rats were randomly divided into the experimental group and control group; 48 in each group. Each group was randomly subdivided into 6 groups with 8 rats in each group. The superior mesenteric artery was ligated in the experimental group and the peritoneal switch operation was performed in the control group. The venous blood samples were extracted from each group rats’ right ventricle at 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h after the operation and the concentration of I-FABP was tested respectively. Then the rats were killed, and the diseased intestinal tubes were cut out for paraffin sections. The I-FABP in intestinal tissue was stained by routine HE staining and direct immunofluorescence staining. Results: The I-FABP was mainly expressed in the epithelial villi of intestinal mucosa, and there was a small amount of expression in the intestinal submucosa and even the muscularis. Within 1 hour of intestinal ischemia, the number of I-FABP positive granules in the intestine and intestinal cavity increased gradually, and then gradually decreased after 1 hour. The difference has statistically significant between the experimental group and the control group (P < 0.05). The serum I-FABP: In the experimental group, the serum I-FABP concentration began to increase at 0.5 h, and reached a peak at 1 h (290. 24 ± 156.69) μg·L–1, then gradually decreased. Compared with the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: I-FABP usually mainly exists in the epithelial cells of intestinal mucosa. When acute intestinal ischemia occurs, the epithelial cells of intestinal mucosa permeability changes; I-FABP expression rapidly releases to intestinal tissue and intestinal cavity, and is absorbed into the blood. Therefore, I-FABP has certain clinical significance in early diagnosis and treatment of acute intestinal ischemia.

GCaMP6F Fluorescence in Ex Vivo Intestinal Preparation v1

Protocol for GCaMP6F imaging in ex vivo intestinal tissue used in Yoo et al 2021

Multimodal Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Murine Gastrointestinal Tract with Retained Luminal Content Shows Molecular Localization Patterns

ABSTRACTDigestive diseases impact 62 million people a year in the United States. Despite the central role of the gut to human health, past imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) investigations into the gastrointestinal tract are incomplete. The gastrointestinal tract, including luminal content, harbors a complex mixture of microorganisms, host dietary content, and immune factors. Existing imaging approaches remove luminal content, and images focus on small regions of tissue. Here, we demonstrate the use of a workflow to collect multimodal imaging data for both intestinal tissue and luminal content. This workflow for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry retains luminal content and expands the amount of tissue imaged on one slide. Results comparing tissue and luminal content show unique molecular distributions using multimodal imaging modalities including protein, lipid, and elemental imaging. Leveraging this method to investigate intestinal tissue infected with Clostridioides difficile compared to control tissue shows clear differences in lipid abundance of various lipid classes in luminal content during infection. These data highlight the potential for this approach to detect unique biological and markers of infection in the gut.

The gastrointestinal tract and COVID-19. Observations after the year of the pandemic. Part 1. Patients with diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract

The most common clinical manifestations of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) include fever, cough, dyspnea, sore throat, muscle or bone aches, chills, and headache. Nevertheless, gastrointestinal infections have been reported, with symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and lack of appetite. Although is not clear the mechanisms responsible for the development of diarrhea in COVID-19, the current hypothesis is that the direct viral infection on the intestinal tissue and local immune response to the virus may be involved. Additionally, after gastrointestinal SARS-CoV-2 infection some patients may develop alterations in the gastrointestinal microbiota. In this review we outlined the important GI manifestations of COVID-19 and discussed the possible mechanisms and aspects relating to their diagnosis and management.

Predicting intestinal viability by consecutive photoacoustic monitoring of oxygenation recovery after reperfusion in acute mesenteric ischemia in rats

The purpose was to assess whether consecutive monitoring of oxygenation by photoacoustic imaging (PAI) can objectively predict intestinal viability during surgery for acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI). PAI uses laser light to detect relative amounts of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin in intestinal tissue. In 30 rats, AMI was induced by clamping the mesenteric and marginal vessels of the ileum for 0 min in the control group, 30 min in the mild group, and 180 min in the severe group (10 rats per group). After 60 min of reperfusion, intestinal damage was evaluated pathologically. Oxygenation of the intestine was monitored throughout the procedure in real time by a commercially available PAI system and compared among the groups. All rats showed irreversible (i.e. transmucosal or transmural infarction) damage in the severe group. After reperfusion, the oxygenation in the mild group recovered immediately and was significantly higher than in the severe group at 1, 5, 10, 30, and 60 min (P = .011, 002, < .001, 001, and 001, respectively). Oxygenation showed a significant strong negative correlation with pathological severity (rs = − 0.7783, − 0.7806, − 0.7422, − 0.7728, and − 0.7704, respectively). In conclusion, PAI could objectively predict irreversible ischemic damage immediately after reperfusion, which potentially prevents inadequate surgery.