The release of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) into the mammalian circulation may contribute to the development of hemorrhagic and inflammatory diseases. sPLA2 has previously been shown to alter the behavior of platelets, leukocytes, and endothelial cells, although the molecular basis for these cellular effects has not been established. Our studies indicate that the inhibition of platelet aggregation by snake, bee venom, and pancreatic sPLA2 is dependent on a plasma cofactor. This cofactor resides within the lipoprotein fraction of plasma, with 54%, 31%, and 11% of the activity present in the high- density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) fractions, respectively. Delipidation of HDL and LDL was associated with the complete loss of platelet-inhibitory activity. Incubation of purified sPLA2 with the HDL fraction of plasma resulted in the time-dependent generation of lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC). The formation of lysoPC correlated with the inhibition of platelet aggregation. Purified lysoPC (10 to 100 micrograms/mL) inhibited platelet aggregation and dense granule release induced by thrombin (0.05 U/mL), collagen (1 micrograms/mL), ionophore A23187 (2 mumol/L), ADP (12.5 mumol/L), and adrenaline (3.2 mumol/L). The inhibition of platelet aggregation by lysoPC was dose-dependent and correlated with decreased fibrinogen binding to glycoprotein IIb-IIIa. Our studies indicate that the enzymatic generation of lysoPC from plasma lipoproteins is essential for the sPLA2-mediated inhibition of platelet activation in the presence of albumin. These results raise the possibility that the toxic effects of circulating sPLA2 may be due in part to the generation of the bioactive lysophospholipid, lysoPC.
An essential role for lysophosphatidylcholine in the inhibition of platelet aggregation by secretory phospholipase A2