Preserved use of spatial cues for sound segregation in a case of spatial deafness

Although recent evidence suggests that visual short-term memory (VSTM) is a continuous resource, little is known about how flexibly this resource can be allocated. Previous studies using probabilistic cues to indicate two different levels of probe probability have found that response precision can be predicted according to a continuous allocation of resources that depends on attentional priority. The current study used a continuous report procedure and attentional prioritization via simultaneous probabilistic spatial cues to address whether participants can use up to three levels of attentional priority to allocate VSTM resources. Three experiments were performed with differing priority levels, different cues, and cue presentation time. Although group level analysis demonstrated flexible allocation, there was limited evidence that participants were using three priority levels. An individual differences approach revealed that a minority of participants were using three levels of attentional priority, demonstrating that, while possible, it is not the predominant pattern of behavior.

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Underwater Image Enhancement Based on Multi-Scale Fusion and Global Stretching of Dual-Model

Mathematics ◽

10.3390/math9060595 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 595

Author(s):

Huajun Song ◽

Rui Wang

Keyword(s):

Image Enhancement ◽

Poor Performance ◽

Weight Coefficient ◽

Color Contrast ◽

Dual Model ◽

Spatial Cues ◽

Multi Scale ◽

Imaging Model ◽

Underwater Image ◽

Enhancement Method

Aimed at the two problems of color deviation and poor visibility of the underwater image, this paper proposes an underwater image enhancement method based on the multi-scale fusion and global stretching of dual-model (MFGS), which does not rely on the underwater optical imaging model. The proposed method consists of three stages: Compared with other color correction algorithms, white-balancing can effectively eliminate the undesirable color deviation caused by medium attenuation, so it is selected to correct the color deviation in the first stage. Then, aimed at the problem of the poor performance of the saliency weight map in the traditional fusion processing, this paper proposed an updated strategy of saliency weight coefficient combining contrast and spatial cues to achieve high-quality fusion. Finally, by analyzing the characteristics of the results of the above steps, it is found that the brightness and clarity need to be further improved. The global stretching of the full channel in the red, green, blue (RGB) model is applied to enhance the color contrast, and the selective stretching of the L channel in the Commission International Eclairage-Lab (CIE-Lab) model is implemented to achieve a better de-hazing effect. Quantitative and qualitative assessments on the underwater image enhancement benchmark dataset (UIEBD) show that the enhanced images of the proposed approach achieve significant and sufficient improvements in color and visibility.

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A Method to Measure the Discriminability of Spatial Cues

2010 Third International Symposium on Information Science and Engineering ◽

10.1109/isise.2010.39 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Heng Wang ◽

Ruimin Hu ◽

Weiping Tu ◽

Qi Chen ◽

Jinfeng Liu

Keyword(s):

Spatial Cues

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Spatial organization enhances versatility and specificity in cyclic di-GMP signaling

Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1515/hsz-2020-0202 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 401 (12) ◽

pp. 1323-1334

Author(s):

Sandra Kunz ◽

Peter L. Graumann

Keyword(s):

Protein Interactions ◽

Cell Cycle Progression ◽

Spatial Organization ◽

Caulobacter Crescentus ◽

Second Messenger ◽

Protein Protein Interactions ◽

Spatial Cues ◽

Signaling Specificity ◽

Regulatory Circuits ◽

Second Messenger Signaling

AbstractThe second messenger cyclic di-GMP regulates a variety of processes in bacteria, many of which are centered around the decision whether to adopt a sessile or a motile life style. Regulatory circuits include pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and motility in a wide variety of bacteria, and play a key role in cell cycle progression in Caulobacter crescentus. Interestingly, multiple, seemingly independent c-di-GMP pathways have been found in several species, where deletions of individual c-di-GMP synthetases (DGCs) or hydrolases (PDEs) have resulted in distinct phenotypes that would not be expected based on a freely diffusible second messenger. Several recent studies have shown that individual signaling nodes exist, and additionally, that protein/protein interactions between DGCs, PDEs and c-di-GMP receptors play an important role in signaling specificity. Additionally, subcellular clustering has been shown to be employed by bacteria to likely generate local signaling of second messenger, and/or to increase signaling specificity. This review highlights recent findings that reveal how bacteria employ spatial cues to increase the versatility of second messenger signaling.

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Perception of Auditory Distance in Normal-Hearing and Moderate-to-Profound Hearing-Impaired Listeners

Trends in Hearing ◽

10.1177/2331216519887615 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 ◽

pp. 233121651988761 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Gilles Courtois ◽

Vincent Grimaldi ◽

Hervé Lissek ◽

Philippe Estoppey ◽

Eleftheria Georganti

Keyword(s):

Hearing Loss ◽

Hearing Aids ◽

Normal Hearing ◽

Hearing Impaired ◽

Spatial Cues ◽

Linear Amplification ◽

Profound Hearing Loss ◽

Wireless Microphone ◽

Auditory Distance ◽

Non Linear

The auditory system allows the estimation of the distance to sound-emitting objects using multiple spatial cues. In virtual acoustics over headphones, a prerequisite to render auditory distance impression is sound externalization, which denotes the perception of synthesized stimuli outside of the head. Prior studies have found that listeners with mild-to-moderate hearing loss are able to perceive auditory distance and are sensitive to externalization. However, this ability may be degraded by certain factors, such as non-linear amplification in hearing aids or the use of a remote wireless microphone. In this study, 10 normal-hearing and 20 moderate-to-profound hearing-impaired listeners were instructed to estimate the distance of stimuli processed with different methods yielding various perceived auditory distances in the vicinity of the listeners. Two different configurations of non-linear amplification were implemented, and a novel feature aiming to restore a sense of distance in wireless microphone systems was tested. The results showed that the hearing-impaired listeners, even those with a profound hearing loss, were able to discriminate nearby and far sounds that were equalized in level. Their perception of auditory distance was however more contracted than in normal-hearing listeners. Non-linear amplification was found to distort the original spatial cues, but no adverse effect on the ratings of auditory distance was evident. Finally, it was shown that the novel feature was successful in allowing the hearing-impaired participants to perceive externalized sounds with wireless microphone systems.

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A Role for the Actin Cytoskeleton of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Bipolar Bud-Site Selection

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.136.1.111 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 136 (1) ◽

pp. 111-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

Shirley Yang ◽

Kathryn R. Ayscough ◽

David G. Drubin

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Actin Cytoskeleton ◽

Site Selection ◽

Mitotic Checkpoint ◽

Cell Cortex ◽

Spatial Cues ◽

Genes Encoding ◽

Mother And Daughter ◽

Mother Cells ◽

Bud Site

Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells select bud sites according to one of two predetermined patterns. MATa and MATα cells bud in an axial pattern, and MATa/α cells bud in a bipolar pattern. These budding patterns are thought to depend on the placement of spatial cues at specific sites in the cell cortex. Because cytoskeletal elements play a role in organizing the cytoplasm and establishing distinct plasma membrane domains, they are well suited for positioning bud-site selection cues. Indeed, the septin-containing neck filaments are crucial for establishing the axial budding pattern characteristic of MATa and MATα cells. In this study, we determined the budding patterns of cells carrying mutations in the actin gene or in genes encoding actin-associated proteins: MATa/α cells were defective in the bipolar budding pattern, but MATa and MATα cells still exhibit a normal axial budding pattern. We also observed that MATa/α actin cytoskeleton mutant daughter cells correctly position their first bud at the distal pole of the cell, but mother cells position their buds randomly. The actin cytoskeleton therefore functions in generation of the bipolar budding pattern and is required specifically for proper selection of bud sites in mother MATa/α cells. These observations and the results of double mutant studies support the conclusion that different rules govern bud-site selection in mother and daughter MATa/α cells. A defective bipolar budding pattern did not preclude an sla2-6 mutant from undergoing pseudohyphal growth, highlighting the central role of daughter cell bud-site selection cues in the formation of pseudohyphae. Finally, by examining the budding patterns of mad2-1 mitotic checkpoint mutants treated with benomyl to depolymerize their microtubules, we confirmed and extended previous evidence indicating that microtubules do not function in axial or bipolar bud-site selection.

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