Control of ACTH Secretion by Corticotropin-Releasing Factor(s)

1980 ◽  
pp. 111-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvin Brodish
1995 ◽  
Vol 269 (6) ◽  
pp. E1076-E1082 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Zehnder ◽  
N. K. Valego ◽  
J. Schwartz ◽  
A. White ◽  
J. C. Rose

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or arginine vasopressin (AVP) on the secretion of bioactive adrenocorticotropic hormone (bACTH) and immunoreactive ACTH (iACTH), the latter being measured by radioimmunoassay and separate two-site immunoradiometric assays for ACTH-(1-39) and ACTH precursors. Experiments were performed on chronically catheterized fetal sheep at 0.70 (n = 9) and 0.90 (n = 8) gestation. Each fetus received a 15-min infusion of CRF, AVP, or saline on 3 consecutive days. Blood was obtained before and 15 and 60 min after the infusion began. CRF significantly increased iACTH at 15 (younger group) and 60 min (both groups). CRF significantly increased bACTH and the bACTH-to-iACTH ratio (bACTH/iACTH) in both groups at 15 and 60 min. AVP significantly increased iACTH, bACTH, and bACTH/iACTH in both groups at 15 min. In two subgroups (n = 4/subgroup), CRF significantly increased ACTH-(1-39) and ACTH precursors at 15 and 60 min. CRF increased the ratio of ACTH-(1-39) to ACTH precursors [ACTH-(1-39)/ACTH precursors] at 15 (younger group) and 60 min (both groups). AVP increased ACTH-(1-39), ACTH precursors, and ACTH-(1-39)/ACTH precursors in both groups at 15 min. These findings show that both CRF and AVP can stimulate the secretion of bACTH, ACTH-(1-39), and ACTH precursors at 0.70 and 0.90 gestation. The proportional increments in bACTH/iACTH and ACTH-(1-39)/ACTH precursors suggest that CRF and AVP evoke selective increases in bACTH and ACTH-(1-39).


1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (5) ◽  
pp. C793-C798 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Schwartz ◽  
S. Gibson ◽  
A. White

Although chloroquine, an agent that disrupts regulated protein secretion, has previously been shown to decrease the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretory response to adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate or corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in AtT-20 and rat anterior pituitary cells, respectively, it has no effect on the response to vasopressin. The present study extended experiments with chloroquine to cultured sheep anterior pituitary cells, which have a greater maximum response to vasopressin. Chloroquine (200 microM) had no effect on basal ACTH secretion or on stimulation by vasopressin. In contrast to the rat, the net response to CRF was tripled by chloroquine in ovine cells. The effect of chloroquine on the response to CRF was more effective by coexposure of cells to CRF and chloroquine than by pretreatment with chloroquine. Monensin or vinblastine did not increase the ACTH response to CRF. The results indicate ACTH release in response to vasopressin is chloroquine insensitive in this way, can be dissociated from the mechanism that responds to CRF, and would be consistent with the CRF response mechanism involving pathways that can alter the secretory pool of ACTH. When chloroquine acts to increase the response to CRF, it is likely not to act by stabilizing the CRF-receptor complex.


1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (3) ◽  
pp. E241-E246 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Keller-Wood ◽  
E. Leeman ◽  
J. Shinsako ◽  
M. F. Dallman

We infused submaximal feedback doses of either dexamethasone (DEX; 0.1 microgram.kg-1.min-1) or corticosterone and cortisol (B+F; 1.5 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) intravenously for 40 min into conscious dogs and measured the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) responses to hypoglycemia induced by insulin (0.1 U/kg) or to ovine corticotropin-releasing factor (oCRF; 1 microgram/kg); both agents were injected at 120 min. The dose of DEX was chosen to produce suppression of the ACTH response to oCRF equivalent to that produced by B+F. The purpose of the study was to determine 1) whether CRF- and hypoglycemia-induced ACTH secretion are equally inhibited by glucocorticoid treatment and 2) whether DEX and B+F have differential effects in the inhibition of stress-induced ACTH secretion. We found that peak ACTH responses to hypoglycemia and CRF were equally inhibited by DEX (36 +/- 6 and 52 +/- 9%, respectively). The peak ACTH responses to hypoglycemia and CRF were also equally inhibited after B+F infusion (45 +/- 13 and 65 +/- 5%, respectively). There was no significant interaction between the steroid administered and the stimulus given in controlling the ACTH response (by 2-way analysis of variance). The results suggest that pituitary feedback is of primary importance in suppression of canine ACTH secretion by delayed feedback and that the natural and synthetic steroids both act at this site.


1982 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 962-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jimenez-Alonso ◽  
J. Munoz-Avila ◽  
L. Jaimez ◽  
F. Pérez-Jimenez ◽  
C. Bellido ◽  
...  

Serotonin is involved in the control of ACTH secretion, possibly by stimulating corticotropin releasing factor secretion from the hypothalamus. Cushing's disease seems to be due to defective hypothalamic regulation of ACTH release from the pituitary gland. Cyproheptadine is a potent antagonist of serotonin and has been used successfully in some patients with Cushing's disease, although, generally, in women without radiological evidence of pituitary tumors. We report the successful use of cyproheptadine in a 54-year-old man with Cushing's disease due to pituitary basophil adenoma. Significant clinical and biochemical improvement was noted 45 days after treatment began. The results in this patient support our findings that cyproheptadine can be effective in patients with Cushing's disease due to pituitary tumors, as well as in preparing very ill patients for surgery or managing such patients until radiotherapy takes effect.


1989 ◽  
pp. 303-307
Author(s):  
B. Allolio ◽  
H. M. Schulte ◽  
J. Hoffmann ◽  
M. Kusche ◽  
W. Winkelmann ◽  
...  

Cephalalgia ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 3 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Falaschi ◽  
Tiziana Buongiorno ◽  
Alessandro Agnoli

The mechanism of the circadian hormonal secretions is still obscure. The cyclic activity of the hypothalamus-ACTH-adrenal (H-A-A) axis is perhaps the most studied. ACTH derives with other peptides from a common precursor, proopiomelanocortin. ACTH secretion is under inhibitory and stimulatory influences. The inhibitory influence is mediated by the negative feed-back of adrenal corticosteroids and by the short loop feed-back of ACTH on its own secretion. The stimulatory influence is exerted by the hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), recently isolated in the ovin hypothalamus. CRF is regulated by various neurotransmitorial activities. Serotonin and acetylcholine play a stimulatory role, while dopamine and norepinephrine, in particular, seem to exert an inhibitory tonic control. The increased ACTH secretion in stress-response seems to be mediated by a reduction of this tone. However, the neurotransmitorial modifications involved in the rhythmic secretion of the H-A-A axis are still obscure. So chrononeuroendocrine study of the H-A-A axis in various psychoneuroendocrine diseases is of great interest in clearing up the neurotransmitorial mechanisms of this rhythm. Primary depression represents an interesting model being characterized by monoaminergic neurotransmitorial alterations. We have observed in this pathology an increase of the H-A-A axis activity and an alteration of the circadian cortisol profile characterized by an increase both in numeric and quantitative secretory bursts. Les mécanismes qui règlent la rythmicité des sécrétions hormonales sont encore obscure. La cyclicité de l'axe hypothalame-ACTH-surrénale est l'exemple le plus etudié. L'ACTH et autres peptides opiacés derivent du même precurseur, la proopiomelanocortine: en ce qui concerne la sécrétion de l'ACTH, elle est réglée par des influences stimulatoires et inhibitoires. Cettes influences sont représentées par le feed-back negatif des corticosteroïdes surrénales et par ses mêmes niveaux. L'influence stimulatoire est représentée par le CRF hypothalamique qui est réglé par nombreuses activités neurotransmettitoriales. Il paraît que la serotonine et l'acétylcoline exercent un rôle stimulatoire, au contraire la dopamine et la noradrenaline exercent un tonique contrôle inhibitoire. L'hyperréponse de l'ACTH au stress semble la consequence d'une réduction de l'inhibition. Au contraire les modifications neurotrasmettitoriales à la base de la rythmicité de l'axe H-A-A restent encore obscures. A nos avis l'étude crononeuroendocrine de cet axe dans certaines pathologies neuropsychiatriques est très avantageux pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes centrales qui règlent cette rhythmicité. La dépression primaire caracterisée par des altérations neurotrasmettitoriales représente un modèle interessant dont nous avons relevé une augmentation de l'activité de l'axe H-A-A et un biorythme cortisolemique altéré, c'est à dire une augmentation qualitative et quantitative des pics secretoires. Rimangono ancora oscuri i meccanismi che regolano la ritmicità delle secrezioni ormonali. La ciclicità dell'asse ipotalamo-ACTH-surrene (H-A-A) è l'esempio più studiato. L'ACTH deriva, assieme ad altri peptidi, da un precursore comune, la proopiomelanocortina, e la sua secrezione è regolata da influenze inibitorie e stimolatorie. Le prime sono rappresentate dal feed-back negativo dei corticosteroidi surrenalici e dal short-loop feed-back dell'ACTH sulla sua stessa secrezione. L'influenza stimolatoria è rappresentata dal CRF ipotalamico, recentemente isolato dall'ipotalamo ovino, regolato a sua volta da molteplici attività neurotrasmettitoriali. Sembra che la serotonina e l'acetilcolina svolgano un ruolo stimolatorio, mentre la dopamina e la noradranalina esplichino un tonico controllo negativo. L'iperincrezione dell'ACTH allo stress sembra conseguente ad una riduzione di tale tono inibitorio. Ancora oscure rimangono invece le modificazioni neurotrasmettitoriali alla base della ritmicità dell'asse H-A-A. Utile ci sembra lo studio crononeuroendocrino di tale asse in modelli di patologie neuropsichiatriche, per meglio comprendere i meccanismi centrali che fisiologicamente regolano tale ritmicità. La depressione primaria caratterizzata da alterazioni neurotrasmettitoriali rappresenta un modello interessante in cui abbiamo riscontrato un incremento dell-attività dell'asse H-A-A ed un alterato bioritmo cortisolemico nel senso di un incremento qualitativo e quantitativo dei picchi secretori.


Nature ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 328 (6132) ◽  
pp. 717-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felice Petraglia ◽  
Paul E. Sawchenko ◽  
Jean Rivier ◽  
Wylie Vale

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