Abstract. A reservoir of nitric oxide (NO) in the lower thermosphere efficiently cools
the atmosphere after periods of enhanced geomagnetic activity. Transport from
this reservoir to the stratosphere within the winter polar vortex allows NO
to deplete ozone levels and thereby affect the middle atmospheric heat
budget. As more climate models resolve the mesosphere and lower thermosphere
(MLT) region, the need for an improved representation of NO-related processes
increases. This work presents a detailed comparison of NO in the Antarctic
MLT region between observations made by the Solar Occultation for Ice
Experiment (SOFIE) instrument on-board the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere
(AIM) satellite and simulations performed by the Whole Atmosphere Community
Climate Model with Specified Dynamics (SD-WACCM). We investigate 8 years of
SOFIE observations, covering the period 2007–2015, and focus on the Southern
Hemisphere (SH), rather than on dynamical variability in the Northern
Hemisphere (NH) or a specific geomagnetic perturbed event. The morphology of
the simulated NO is in agreement with observations though the long-term mean
is too high and the short-term variability is too low in the thermosphere.
Number densities are more similar during winter, though the altitude of peak
NO density, which reaches between 102 and 106 km in WACCM and between 98 and
104 km in SOFIE, is most separated during winter. Using multiple linear
regression (MLR) and superposed epoch analysis (SEA) methods, we investigate
how well the NO production and transport are represented in the model. The
impact of geomagnetic activity is shown to drive NO variations in the lower
thermosphere similarly across both datasets. The dynamical transport from the
lower thermosphere into the mesosphere during polar winter is found to agree
very well with a descent rate of about 2.2 km day−1 in the 80–110 km
region in both datasets. The downward-transported NO fluxes are, however, too
low in WACCM, which is likely due to medium energy electrons (MEE) and
D-region ion chemistry that are not represented in the model.