Abstract
Background
Beta-blockers reduce mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) were underrepresented in landmark trials.
Purpose
We evaluated if beta-blockers are associated with improved survival and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with HFrEF and advanced CKD, and if potential benefits of beta-blockers would extend also to HFpEF and HFmrEF with advanced CKD.
Methods
We identified 3906 persons with an ejection fraction <40% and advanced CKD (eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73m2) enrolled in the Swedish Heart Failure Registry during 2001–2016. We did not exclude patients with atrial fibrillation. The associations between beta-blocker use, 5-year all-cause mortality, and the composite of time to cardiovascular (CV) mortality/first HF hospitalization were assessed by multivariable Cox regression. Analyses were adjusted for 36 variables, including demographics, laboratory measures, comorbidities, medication use, medical procedures, and socioeconomic status. To assess consistency, the same analyses were performed in a positive control cohort of 12,673 patients with moderate CKD (eGFR <60–30 mL/min/1.73m2). Analyses were repeated in individuals with HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF; EF ≥50%) or midrange ejection fraction (HFmrEF; EF 40–49%).
Results
In HFrEF and advanced CKD, 89% received beta-blockers. Overall, median (IQR) age was 81 (74–86) years, 36% were women and median eGFR was 26 (20–28) ml/min/1.73m2. During a median of 1.3 years follow-up, 2086 (53.4%) individuals had a subsequent HF hospitalization, and 2954 (75.6%) individuals died, of which 2089 (70.1%) due to cardiovascular causes. Beta-blocker use was associated with a significant reduction in 5-year all-cause mortality [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.86; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76–0.96)] and CV mortality/HF hospitalization (HR 0.87; 95% CI 0.77–0.98). The magnitude of the associations between beta-blocker use and outcomes was similar to that observed for HFrEF patients with mild/moderate CKD [all-cause mortality: 0.85 (95% CI 0.78–0.91); CV mortality/HF hospitalization: 0.88 (95% CI 0.82–0.96)]. Adjusted HRs were 0.88 (95% CI 0.77–1.02) and 1.07 (95% CI 0.92–1.24) for individuals with HFpEF and advanced CKD and 0.95 (95% CI 0.80–1.13) and 1.13 (95% CI 0.94–1.36) for individuals with HFmrEF and advanced CKD, for all-cause mortality and CV mortality/HF hospitalization, respectively.
Conclusion
Despite lack of trial evidence, the use of beta-blockers in patients with HFrEF and advanced CKD was high in routine Swedish care, and was independently associated with reduced mortality to the same degree as HFrEF with moderate CKD. However, these benefits were not observed in patients with HFpEF or HFmrEF with severe CKD.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding source: None
The progress and controversial of the use of beta blockers in patients with heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction
