Market access, export subsidies, and domestic support: developing new rules

2004 ◽  
pp. 151-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry De Gorter
Keyword(s):  
Market Access ◽  
Export Subsidies ◽  
Domestic Support

Conclude Doha: it matters!

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
BERNARD HOEKMAN ◽  
WILL MARTIN ◽  
AADITYA MATTOO
Keyword(s):  
Market Access ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Agricultural Export ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Export Subsidies ◽  
Red Tape ◽  
Domestic Support

AbstractThe Doha Round must be concluded not because it will produce dramatic liberalization but because it will create greater security of market access. Its conclusion would strengthen, symbolically and substantively, the WTO's valuable role in restraining protectionism. What is on the table would constrain the scope for tariff protection in all goods, ban agricultural export subsidies in the industrial countries and sharply reduce the scope for distorting domestic support – by 70% in the EU and 60% in the US. Average farm tariffs that exporters face would fall to 12% (from 14.5%) and the tariffs on exports of manufactures to less than 2.5% (from about 3%). There are also environmental benefits to be captured, in particular disciplining the use of subsidies that encourage over-fishing and lowering tariffs on technologies that can help mitigate global warming. An agreement to facilitate trade by cutting red tape will further expand trade opportunities. Greater market access for the least-developed countries will result from the ‘duty free and quota free’ proposal and their ability to take advantage of new opportunities will be enhanced by the Doha-related ‘aid for trade’ initiative. Finally, concluding Doha would create space for multilateral cooperation on critical policy matters that lie outside the Doha Agenda, most urgently the trade policy implications of climate change mitigation.

W.T.O. AND SUGAR TRADE OF INDIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Sunil Kumar Niranjan
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Export Subsidies ◽  
Sugar Trade ◽  
Developed Nations ◽  
Domestic Support ◽  
Agreement On Agriculture

WTO is a product of Uruguay round of negotiation of  world trade and successor organization of GATT.It has lots of agreement regarding agriculture and other parts of the trade but as the developing countries has expecting the positive result on trade of agriculture is not going to fulfill due to deterioration of terms of trade of agriculture products.therefore the true benefit of the formation of WTO is not achieved by the international community in respect of agriculture trade specially the sugar trade of India The obligation and disciplines incorporated in the agreement on agriculture, therefore related to : Increased market access for agricultural trade. Reduce domestic subsidies or domestic support on agricultural trade. Commitments to reduce export subsidies on agricultural products. But developed nations is not fulfilling the above given agreement is also the major setback for free and fair agro trade of the international level.

scholarly journals How Effective are WTO Disciplines on Domestic Support and Market Access for Agriculture?

World Economy ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 1470-1485 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Blandford ◽  
Ivar Gaasland ◽  
Roberto Garcia ◽  
Erling Vårdal
Keyword(s):  
Market Access ◽  
Domestic Support

scholarly journals WTO’s Trade Liberalisation, Agricultural Growth, and Poverty Alleviation in Pakistan

2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1035-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwar F. Chishti ◽  
Waqar Malik
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
World Trade Organisation ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Agricultural Growth ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Export Subsidies ◽  
Domestic Support ◽  
Agreement On Agriculture

Pakistan is an agrarian based developing country, and like many other developing countries, its agriculture sector is subjected to domestic forces of demand and supply and changes in prices at international level, as well. More specifically, in the late 1990s, the World Trade Organisation (WTO) emerged as one the major players affecting such market changes more vigorously at international arena. The WTO’s Agreement on Agriculture, which was established as a result of the 1986-94 Uraguay Round talks, requires, for both developed and developing countries, to initiate a process of reforms in their agrarian economies with the objective of establishing a fair and market oriented agricultural trading system through multilateral trade negotiations. This Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) specifically asks for major reductions in export subsidies, domestic support and import barriers on agricultural products to achieve this objective, the WTO’s Agreement of Agriculture [WTO (2001)] had set the following quantitative targets for cuts in each of the three specified area, namely import tariffs, domestic supports and export subsidies.

scholarly journals WTO, A Multilateral Trade Institution or a Parallel Organisation: Reform Initiatives Addressing the WTO Agricultural Trade Distortions to Developing Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-90
Author(s):  
Isaac O. C. Igwe
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
Market Access ◽  
World Trade Organisation ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Reform Initiatives ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Development Agenda ◽  
Export Subsidies ◽  
Development Objectives

The World Trade Organisation (WTO) process and its ethos are fast losing their development objectives. The crisis, challenges and complexities in the implementation of WTO policies on agriculture and market access has not abated. Intellectuals, researchers and academics opine that the implementation of WTO policies have not only encouraged power and development divide between the Industrialised nations and the developing nations, it has worsened the rate of global economic inequality. Although the inclusion of agriculture in the Uruguay Round was taken as a major achievement, the commitment to minimum market access for most protected products, reducing export subsidies and a considerable measure of support, did not do much to lower agricultural protection. The promises made to the developing countries under the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) on agriculture, market access, reduction of subsidies/tariffs and implementation issues were limited and not fulfilled. Can the emerging WTO market capacities and alliances lead to a change in the decision-making process? This writing aims to critically analyse the existing WTO legal problems hindering market flows and the incidence of barriers to trade in agriculture being much higher than protection of developing countries farmers which has impacted their development.+ Keywords: WTO; Legal; Agriculture; Implementation; Inequality; Developing Countries; Doha Development Agenda; Decision-marking; Market Access; Development.+

scholarly journals Durability of Zambia’s Agricultural Exports

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Joseph Phiri ◽  
Karel Malec ◽  
Socrates Kraido Majune ◽  
Seth Nana Kwame Appiah-Kubi ◽  
Zdeňka Gebeltová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Market Access ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Foreign Market ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
First Year ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Export Subsidies ◽  
Agriculture Products ◽  
Export Duration

This paper establishes the determinants of the export durability of agriculture products in Zambia with specific attention to maize, sugar, cotton, and tobacco between 1996 and 2019. We find that approximately 39% of Zambia’s agricultural products were exported beyond the first year of trading and less than 10% lasted up to 6 years of trading. The mean and median duration of exporting agricultural products in Zambia was 1.7 years and 1 year, respectively. Among the products, maize had the highest export duration after the first year of trading, followed by sugar, tobacco, and cotton. Results of the discrete-time logit and probit models with random effects revealed that the duration of total agricultural products was significantly impacted by common colony, contiguity, partner’s gross domestic product (GDP), Zambia’s GDP, initial exports, and total exports. Of these factors, colonial history and Zambia’s GDP reduced export duration, while contiguity, partner’s GDP, initial exports, and total exports increased the durability of exports in Zambia. The effect of Zambia’s GDP was uniform across all individual agricultural products. Total exports also significantly impacted all other agriculture products in a similar manner except for maize. Export durability for cotton was significantly impacted by the Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), while the export durability of tobacco was significantly impacted by distance, contiguity, and partner’s GDP. To increase the duration of agriculture exports, we propose the exporting of finished agriculture products (and not just raw materials), which have a higher market value and duration probability. Farmers also need support with export subsidies, increased foreign market access (especially to economies with higher buying power), and negotiated favorable trade terms in the region and around the globe.

scholarly journals WTO Agreement on agriculture and peculiarities of its implementation under the conditions of the Republic of Belarus

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
N. V. Kireyenka
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Food Sector ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Export Competition ◽  
Domestic Support ◽  
Agreement On Agriculture

The article presents the stages of formation and development of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, its structure and content of the main sections. It has been established that agriculture is one of the strategic and vulnerable sectors of the economy of any state, the development of which determines the level of national economic and food security. It is determined that the adopted document establishes a system of rules and obligations of countries in relation to agricultural policy measures related to the regulation of market access, domestic support, and export competition. The current trends in the development of the agri-food sector of Belarus in terms of agricultural production, food security, foreign trade are justified. The features of the implementation of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture in the conditions of the republic, taking into account external and internal factors of industry competitiveness, are highlighted. At the country level, directions for the development of agricultural trade policy, improvement of support measures that do not fall under obligations to limit in accordance with international requirements of the World Trade Organization, and ensure competitive advantages in foreign agricultural markets are proposed. It was noted that promising areas and criteria for the effective functioning of the agri-food sector should take into account national priorities, provide measures and mechanisms for the development of competitive and environmentally friendly production of agricultural products, expand market infrastructure, create favorable organizational and economic conditions for the functioning of the industry, and form its scientific and innovative potential. The issues disclosed in the article are of interest in developing a set of measures to increase the efficiency of foreign trade in the context of expanding the country’s participation in international and regional trade and economic integration, justifying mechanisms for improving agricultural regulation, and developing a system for promoting agri-food products on the domestic and foreign markets.

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