Early history of quantum mechanics

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (06) ◽  
pp. 0630
Author(s):  
Conrad Dale Johnson

This paper continues an argument begun in "Why Quantum Mechanics Makes Sense", which explores the conditions under which a physical world can define and communicate any kind of information. Since it appears that nearly all of what’s known in our most fundamental theories may be needed to do this, the question arises as to how such a complex, many-leveled system of rules and principles could have emerged from much simpler initial conditions. Following the earlier treatment of Quantum Mechanics, the initial state of the universe is taken to be a plenum of unconstrained (and therefore structureless) possibility. Any sort of system can emerge, in these conditions, so long as it’s able to define all its constraints in terms of each other – as our observable universe does. I attempt an "archaeological" analysis of currently known physics into component layers of self-defining structure, each of which can be understood as emergent on the basis of previously established constraints. I also consider how this kind of reconstruction might relate to our currently well-established Concordance Model of the early history of our universe.


Nature ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 166 (4230) ◽  
pp. 883-884
Author(s):  
L. ROSENFELD

Author(s):  
Robert M. Fisher

By 1940, a half dozen or so commercial or home-built transmission electron microscopes were in use for studies of the ultrastructure of matter. These operated at 30-60 kV and most pioneering microscopists were preoccupied with their search for electron transparent substrates to support dispersions of particulates or bacteria for TEM examination and did not contemplate studies of bulk materials. Metallurgist H. Mahl and other physical scientists, accustomed to examining etched, deformed or machined specimens by reflected light in the optical microscope, were also highly motivated to capitalize on the superior resolution of the electron microscope. Mahl originated several methods of preparing thin oxide or lacquer impressions of surfaces that were transparent in his 50 kV TEM. The utility of replication was recognized immediately and many variations on the theme, including two-step negative-positive replicas, soon appeared. Intense development of replica techniques slowed after 1955 but important advances still occur. The availability of 100 kV instruments, advent of thin film methods for metals and ceramics and microtoming of thin sections for biological specimens largely eliminated any need to resort to replicas.


1979 ◽  
Vol 115 (11) ◽  
pp. 1317-1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Morgan

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Henry ◽  
David Thompson
Keyword(s):  

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