III. The Origins of Determinate Information

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (06) ◽  
pp. 0630
Author(s):  
Conrad Dale Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Early History ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Observable Universe ◽  
Rules And Principles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Archaeological Analysis ◽  
The Universe

This paper continues an argument begun in "Why Quantum Mechanics Makes Sense", which explores the conditions under which a physical world can define and communicate any kind of information. Since it appears that nearly all of what’s known in our most fundamental theories may be needed to do this, the question arises as to how such a complex, many-leveled system of rules and principles could have emerged from much simpler initial conditions. Following the earlier treatment of Quantum Mechanics, the initial state of the universe is taken to be a plenum of unconstrained (and therefore structureless) possibility. Any sort of system can emerge, in these conditions, so long as it’s able to define all its constraints in terms of each other – as our observable universe does. I attempt an "archaeological" analysis of currently known physics into component layers of self-defining structure, each of which can be understood as emergent on the basis of previously established constraints. I also consider how this kind of reconstruction might relate to our currently well-established Concordance Model of the early history of our universe.

scholarly journals Displaced new physics at colliders and the early universe before its first second

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Calibbi ◽  
Francesco D’Eramo ◽  
Sam Junius ◽  
Laura Lopez-Honorez ◽  
Alberto Mariotti
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Early Universe ◽  
Upper Bound ◽  
New Physics ◽  
Early History ◽  
Relic Density ◽  
History Of ◽  
Indirect Information ◽  
The Universe

Abstract Displaced vertices at colliders, arising from the production and decay of long-lived particles, probe dark matter candidates produced via freeze-in. If one assumes a standard cosmological history, these decays happen inside the detector only if the dark matter is very light because of the relic density constraint. Here, we argue how displaced events could very well point to freeze-in within a non-standard early universe history. Focusing on the cosmology of inflationary reheating, we explore the interplay between the reheating temperature and collider signatures for minimal freeze-in scenarios. Observing displaced events at the LHC would allow to set an upper bound on the reheating temperature and, in general, to gather indirect information on the early history of the universe.

Gamma-Ray Bursts as Probes of the Universe

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua S. Bloom
Keyword(s):  
Star Formation ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Gravitational Waves ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Gamma Ray Bursts ◽  
Ongoing Study ◽  
Observable Universe ◽  
History Of ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
The Universe

This chapter focuses on how gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are emerging as unique tools in the study of broad areas of astronomy and physics by virtue of their special properties. The unassailable fact about GRBs that makes them such great probes is that they are fantastically bright and so can be seen to the farthest reaches of the observable Universe. In parallel with the ongoing study of GRB events and progenitors, new lines of inquiry have burgeoned: using GRBs as unique probes of the Universe in ways that are almost completely divorced from the nature of GRBs themselves. Topics discussed include studies of gas, dust, and galaxies; the history of star formation; measuring reionization and the first objects in the universe; neutrinos, gravitational waves, and cosmic rays; quantum gravity and the expansion of the universe; and the future of GRBs.

scholarly journals High Redshift Radio Galaxies

1996 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 571-576
Author(s):  
K. Meisenheimer ◽  
H. Hippelein ◽  
M. Neeser
Keyword(s):  
Radio Emission ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
High Redshift ◽  
Radio Galaxies ◽  
Early History ◽  
Radio Telescopes ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Travel Distances

One hundred years after G. Marconi recorded radio waves over a distance of more than 1000 m, the most sensitive radio telescopes are able to detect the radio emission from light travel distances at least 1.4 × 1023 times greater. The electromagnetic waves from these distant objects are red shifted by Δλ/λ = z > 4. It is not the mere distance of high redshift objects which is fascinating, but rather the fact that one looks back into the early history of the universe by observing them: Objects at a redshift of 4 shined at a time when the universe had reached only about 1/5 of its present age.

Quantum transition between spaces in a multidimensional Universe and spatial unconnectivity explain free will and solve the measurement problem of quantum mechanics

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-37
Author(s):  
José M. Frade
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Free Will ◽  
Measurement Problem ◽  
Fundamental Property ◽  
Quantum Transition ◽  
Observable Universe ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
Future Events ◽  
The Universe

Spacetime is deterministic, but the Universe appears to be stochastic. How to reconcile free will with the determinism inherent to the Universe? In this essay, we postulate that free will can only emanate from the existence of multiple additional spatial dimensions constituting the Universe. As our space displaces through the temporal dimension, we can choose any of the infinite possibilities defined by the additional spatial dimensions, through a process we refer to as quantum transition between spaces. Reality would emerge from the specific materialization of this quantum transition, resulting in a time series of events. This materialization is based on a fundamental property of any space, independently of its dimensions, which we refer to as spatial unconnectivity. This property implies the inability of the constituents of a particular space to observe spaces located in other dimensions. Therefore, the unconnectivity between spaces would prevent the simultaneous observation of all possible events at a specific time point, as well as past and future events, resulting in a unique reality. It would be the observers who determine the temporal trajectory of events, thus providing themselves with free will. In the absence of observers, all possibilities are feasible, thus explaining the quantum properties of elementary particles when they are not directly observed. Our model reconciles quantum mechanics with relativistic physics and is the easiest way to understand how reality arises in our observable Universe.

scholarly journals The Very First Stars: Formation and Reionization of the Universe

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (S265) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Volker Bromm
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Initial State ◽  
First Stars ◽  
Dark Ages ◽  
Supernova Explosions ◽  
Stars Formation ◽  
The Universe

AbstractOne of the key challenges for the next 10 years is to understand the first sources of light, the first stars and possibly accreting black holes. Their formation ended the cosmic dark ages at redshifts z ≃ 20 − 30, and signaled the transition from the simple initial state of the universe to one of ever increasing complexity. We here review recent progress in understanding the formation process of the first stars with numerical simulations, starting with cosmological initial conditions and modelling the detailed physics of accretion. Once formed, the first stars exerted crucial feedback on the primordial intergalactic medium, due to their input of radiation and of heavy chemical elements in the wake of supernova explosions. The current theoretical model posits that the first stars were predominantly very massive, typically ~100 M⊙. Our predictions will be tested with upcoming near-infrared observatories, such as the James Webb Space Telecope, in the decade ahead.

Stability of the subsurface ocean of Pluto

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Kimura ◽  
Shunichi Kamata
Keyword(s):  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Thermal Evolution ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Radiogenic Heating ◽  
Subsurface Ocean ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
History Of ◽  
1D Model ◽  
Ice Shell

<p>We explore the long-term evolution of Pluto’s subsurface ocean in the absence of an insulating clathrate hydrate layer. Numerical simulations of the thermal history of the interior are performed using a 1D model assuming Pluto was initially differentiated into an outer hydrosphere (H<sub>2</sub>O shell) and an inner rocky core. We consider two endmember initial conditions: the hydrosphere was either entirely molten or frozen. We also consider different radiogenic heating rates, core sizes, ice reference viscosities, and ammonia concentrations. Our results indicate that the present-day Pluto can possess a subsurface ocean if the ice shell is purely conductive or only weakly convective. Our results also indicate that the initial state affects only little on the evolution scenario. These results strengthen previous conclusions obtained based on thermal evolution studies with limited calculation conditions. The thickness of the present-day ocean can be up to ~130 km, depending on the radiogenic heating rate and ice reference viscosity. The reference viscosity of ice required to maintain an ocean until today for the case of a CI chondritic core is approximately an order of magnitude higher than that for the case of an ordinary chondritic core. We also find that a thick subsurface ocean can be maintained until relatively recently for a dense small core case, which allows the formation of high-pressure ice at the seafloor. An inclusion of ammonia in the ocean increases the possibility of the current presence of a subsurface ocean even in the case of 1 wt% NH<sub>3</sub> at the initial.</p>

scholarly journals The formation of the first galaxies and the transition to low-mass star formation

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (S255) ◽  
pp. 33-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Greif ◽  
D. R. G. Schleicher ◽  
J. L. Johnson ◽  
A.-K. Jappsen ◽  
R. S. Klessen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Star Formation ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Mass Star ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Transition Mechanism ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
First Galaxies ◽  
Mass Functions ◽  
The Universe

AbstractThe formation of the first galaxies at redshifts z ~ 10−15 signaled the transition from the simple initial state of the universe to one of ever increasing complexity. We here review recent progress in understanding their assembly process with numerical simulations, starting with cosmological initial conditions and modelling the detailed physics of star formation. In this context we emphasize the importance and influence of selecting appropriate initial conditions for the star formation process. We revisit the notion of a critical metallicity resulting in the transition from primordial to present-day initial mass functions and highlight its dependence on additional cooling mechanisms and the exact initial conditions. We also review recent work on the ability of dust cooling to provide the transition to present-day low-mass star formation. In particular, we highlight the extreme conditions under which this transition mechanism occurs, with violent fragmentation in dense gas resulting in tightly packed clusters.

scholarly journals The inception of plate tectonics: a record of failure

2018 ◽  
Vol 376 (2132) ◽  
pp. 20170414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig O'Neill ◽  
Simon Turner ◽  
Tracy Rushmer
Keyword(s):  
Subduction Zones ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Early History ◽  
Early Earth ◽  
Strong Nonlinearity ◽  
Plate Tectonic ◽  
Geological Record ◽  
History Of

The development of plate tectonics from a pre-plate tectonics regime requires both the initiation of subduction and the development of nascent subduction zones into long-lived contiguous features. Subduction itself has been shown to be sensitive to system parameters such as thermal state and the specific rheology. While generally it has been shown that cold-interior high-Rayleigh-number convection (such as on the Earth today) favours plates and subduction, due to the ability of the interior stresses to couple with the lid, a given system may or may not have plate tectonics depending on its initial conditions. This has led to the idea that there is a strong history dependence to tectonic evolution—and the details of tectonic transitions, including whether they even occur, may depend on the early history of a planet. However, intrinsic convective stresses are not the only dynamic drivers of early planetary evolution. Early planetary geological evolution is dominated by volcanic processes and impacting. These have rarely been considered in thermal evolution models. Recent models exploring the details of plate tectonic initiation have explored the effect of strong thermal plumes or large impacts on surface tectonism, and found that these ‘primary drivers’ can initiate subduction, and, in some cases, over-ride the initial state of the planet. The corollary of this, of course, is that, in the absence of such ongoing drivers, existing or incipient subduction systems under early Earth conditions might fail. The only detailed planetary record we have of this development comes from Earth, and is restricted by the limited geological record of its earliest history. Many recent estimates have suggested an origin of plate tectonics at approximately 3.0 Ga, inferring a monotonically increasing transition from pre-plates, through subduction initiation, to continuous subduction and a modern plate tectonic regime around that time. However, both numerical modelling and the geological record itself suggest a strong nonlinearity in the dynamics of the transition, and it has been noted that the early history of Archaean greenstone belts and trondhjemite–tonalite–granodiorite record many instances of failed subduction. Here, we explore the history of subduction failure on the early Earth, and couple these with insights from numerical models of the geodynamic regime at the time. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Earth dynamics and the development of plate tectonics'.

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