scholarly journals A simple method for increasing the response to artificial selection

1984 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Angel Toro ◽  
Blanca Maria Nieto
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Drift ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Selection Intensity ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Large Gene ◽  
Term Response

SUMMARYSelection theory usually assumes an equally probable contribution of each selected individual to a large ‘gene pool’ from which the individuals to be measured in the next generation are sampled. With unequal contributions it is possible to find several sets of values for N (the number of selected individuals) and fi (probability of contribution of the ith individual) such that the same selection intensity is attained. It is suggested that the set of values producing minimum genetic drift should be chosen in order to increase the long-term response without any reduction in the short-term advance.

Unfolding the case of returnees: How the European Union and its member States are addressing the return of foreign fighters and their families

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Carlota Rigotti ◽  
Júlia Zomignani Barboza
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Member States ◽  
Foreign Fighters ◽  
Term Response

Abstract The return of foreign fighters and their families to the European Union has mostly been considered a security threat by member States, which consequently adopt repressive measures aimed at providing an immediate, short-term response to this perceived threat. In addition to this strong-arm approach, reintegration strategies have also been used to prevent returnees from falling back into terrorism and to break down barriers of hostility between citizens in the long term. Amidst these different strategies, this paper seeks to identify which methods are most desirable for handling returnees.

An oncology clinical trial design with randomization adaptive to both short- and long-term responses

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 2015-2031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Liu ◽  
Xiao Lin ◽  
Xuelin Huang
Keyword(s):  
Trial Design ◽  
Clinical Trial Design ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Survival Outcome ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Long Term Survival ◽  
Term Response

In oncology clinical trials, both short-term response and long-term survival are important. We propose an urn-based adaptive randomization design to incorporate both of these two outcomes. While short-term response can update the randomization probability quickly to benefit the trial participants, long-term survival outcome can also change the randomization to favor the treatment arm with definitive therapeutic benefit. Using generalized Friedman’s urn, we derive an explicit formula for the limiting distribution of the number of subjects assigned to each arm. With prior or hypothetical knowledge on treatment effects, this formula can be used to guide the selection of parameters for the proposed design to achieve desirable patient number ratios between different treatment arms, and thus optimize the operating characteristics of the trial design. Simulation studies show that the proposed design successfully assign more patients to the treatment arms with either better short-term tumor response or long-term survival outcome or both.

scholarly journals Physiological adaptations to sugar‐mimic alkaloids: Insights from Bombyx mori for long‐term adaption and short‐term response

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 9682-9695
Author(s):  
Shunze Jia ◽  
Yinghui Li ◽  
Xiangping Dai ◽  
Xiaotong Li ◽  
Yanyan Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bombyx Mori ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Term Response

Short-term response in new users of anti-TNF predicts long-term productivity and non-disability: analysis of Czech ATTRA ankylosing spondylitis biologic registry

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-192
Author(s):  
Jan Tužil ◽  
Tomáš Mlčoch ◽  
Jitka Jirčíková ◽  
Jakub Závada ◽  
Lucie Nekvindová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ankylosing Spondylitis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Response

Aristotle's Manipulative Maxims

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-392
Author(s):  
Daniel DiLeo
Keyword(s):  
Political Knowledge ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Human Good ◽  
Political Problem ◽  
Term Response

AbstractIn actual regimes as described by Aristotle, authoritative civic choices were not the outcome of speech among citizens about the noble things and the just things. Rather, he saw them as products of the flawed presuppositions and misperceptions of dominant factions. Since he held that the human good was dependent on the persistence of lawful systems of rule, no matter how flawed, he viewed the tendency of dominant factions toward regime-destructive extremism as the fundamental political problem. His short-term response was to teach manipulative rhetoric and the outline of a strategy for regime preservation to his students. This equipped his students to prevail against the speech of the ignorant and malevolent and impressed those students with the need to acquire political knowledge. His long-term response was the initiation of a system of education that would turn citizens away from regime-destructive predilections.

Thermal acclimation of respiration but not photosynthesis in Pinus radiata

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lai Fern Ow ◽  
David Whitehead ◽  
Adrian S. Walcroft ◽  
Matthew H. Turnbull
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Growth Temperature ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Photosynthesis And Respiration ◽  
Term Response ◽  
N Status ◽  
Respiratory Responses

Pinus radiata L. were grown in climate-controlled cabinets under three night/day temperature treatments, and transferred between treatments to mimic changes in growth temperature. The objective was to determine the extent to which dark respiration and photosynthesis in pre-existing and new needles acclimate to changes in growth temperatures. We also assessed whether needle nitrogen influenced the potential for photosynthetic and respiratory acclimation, and further assessed if short-term (instantaneous, measured over a few hours) respiratory responses are accurate predictors of long-term (acclimated, achieved in days–weeks) responses of respiration to changing temperature. Results show that respiration displayed considerable potential for acclimation. Cold and warm transfers resulted in some acclimation of respiration in pre-existing needles, but full acclimation was displayed only in new needles formed at the new growth temperature. Short-term respiratory responses were poor predictors of the long-term response of respiration due to acclimation. There was no evidence that photosynthesis in pre-existing or new needles acclimated to changes in growth temperature. N status of leaves had little impact on the extent of acclimation. Collectively, our results indicate that there is little likelihood that respiration would be significantly stimulated in this species as night temperatures increase over the range of 10–20°C, but that inclusion of temperature acclimation of respiration would in fact lead to a shift in the balance between photosynthesis and respiration in favour of carbon uptake.

EU telecoms reform will trigger legislative battle

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Market Power ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sector Reform ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Eu Policy ◽  
Price Increases ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
National Governments

Subject Telecoms sector reform. Significance Ministers responsible for the telecoms sector have watered down the European Commission's proposals to reform the industry. Their moves coincide with a wave of consolidation among mobile operators at the national and regional levels, raising questions of whether the balance of EU policy towards the sector has swung against consumers or if these changes are necessary for the sector's long-term competitiveness. Impacts Consolidation will facilitate future investment, leaving the mobile telecoms sector better placed to develop next generation infrastructure. However, if recent mergers are any guide, most consumers can expect price increases in the short term. This may raise fears of a strengthening of incumbents' market power. National consolidation should be followed by European consolidation. However, this will only make sense if national governments agree to greater convergence of regulatory frameworks -- which looks unlikely.

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