scholarly journals The Origins of the Italian Regional Divide: Evidence from Real Wages, 1861–1913

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Federico ◽  
Alessandro Nuvolari ◽  
Michelangelo Vasta
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Human Capital Formation ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Modest Improvement ◽  
Regional Trends ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Positive Effect

The origins of the Italian North-South divide have always been controversial. We fill this gap by estimating a new dataset of real wages (Allen 2001; Allen et al. 2011) from Unification (1861) to WWI. Italy was very poor throughout the period, with a modest improvement since the late nineteenth century. This improvement started in the Northwest industrializing regions, while real wages in other macro-areas remained stagnant. The gap Northwest/South widened until the end of the period. Focusing on the drivers of regional trends, we find that human capital formation exerted strong positive effect on the growth of real wages.

The European Grain Invasion, 1870–1913

1997 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin H. O'Rourke
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
European Economies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

The article quantifies the impact of cheap grain on the European economy in the late nineteenth century. Falling transport costs led to dramatic declines in Anglo-American grain price gaps, but price convergence was less impressive between the U.S. and other European economies, and within Europe. Cheaper grain meant lower rents throughout Europe, and protection boosted rents, but the magnitudes involved differed between countries. Similarly, cheap grain increased real wages in Britain, but lowered them elsewhere. The grain invasion implied different shocks across countries, and this partly explains the varying trade policies pursued in Europe during this period.

scholarly journals Religiosity and human capital formation in the overlapping generation model in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Aris Soelistyo
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Capital Stock ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Generation Model ◽  
Mathematical Approach ◽  
Human Capital Formation ◽  
Overlapping Generation ◽  
Positive Effect

This research aims to determine the extent of the part of spiritual empowerment and the construction of human capital in the overlapping generation model in Indonesia. The study constructs a model by mathematical approach, which ensures the equilibrium of the entire market; use data of the Indonesian region in the 1983-2019 period and the analyzed by regression. Government spending in the fiscal and monetary sector effectively increases the Gross Domestic Product; the influence of labor positively affects the use of capital stock, where the current capital stock is influenced by the stock capital of the previous year. The aspect of government spending has a positive effect on capital stock.

scholarly journals Real Wages in Pakistan: Structure and Trends, 1970-84

1985 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 423-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Irfan ◽  
Meekal Aziz Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Human Capital Formation ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Wage Change ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Available Information

The structure of wages in any economy has profound implications for labour utilization, income distribution and the incentive to invest in human capital. This paper aims at measuring and analysing the level and trend of nominal and real wages in different sectors of the economy of Pakistan for the 1970-84 period. The broad patterns of wage change are then looked at in terms of their implications for employment promo lion, human capital formation and other related policy issues. The analysis is based on the best available information but the usual caveats appropriate to empirical work in Pakistan apply.

scholarly journals Crossover Inventions and Knowledge Diffusion of General Purpose Technologies: Evidence from the Electrical Technology

2010 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 744-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shih-tse Lo ◽  
Dhanoos Sutthiphisal
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Knowledge Spillovers ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
General Purpose Technologies ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Nineteenth Century United States

Scholars have long noted the significant impact of general purpose technologies (GPTs) on the economy. However, limited attention has been paid to exploring how they are employed to generate inventions in downstream sectors (crossover inventions), and what factors may facilitate such diffusion. In a study of the introduction of electrical technology in the late-nineteenth-century United States, we find that knowledge spillovers between industries had little influence on the geography of crossover inventions as well as the speed and productivity of crossover inventors. Instead, human capital and an environment promoting inventions in general were more important.

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