Funded Pension Schemes in Aging Societies: A Pure Economic Argument?

This study enables different angel to explore central planners’ considerations regarding pension systems in a modern western market with aging influence. In particular, considerable weight has been given to the effect of the crisis due to the pandemic and frequent market turmoil. This study expands the number of players analyzed in the field and takes into consideration different interests among the current and future generations. In addition, we allow differentiation among earning cohorts. By using the overlapping generation model and Monte Carlo simulations, we find that in a wide macroeconomic range, pension equilibrium surprisingly stands with unfunded pension schemes despite the heavy aging influence. Contrary to the classic economic arguments by the World Bank and IMF that were widespread during the 1980s and 1990s, the choice of a pension system is much more complex. We find that the central planner must take into account not only the aging rhythm and market yield but also other parameters, such as the current and future utility perspective, the government’s debt price, GDP per capita growth rate, risk aversion, and the possibility of market turmoil.

Revisited: Monopoly and Long-Run Capital Accumulation in Two-Sector Overlapping Generation Model

In this paper, we investigate if an increasing competition in an oligopolistic market will enhance the real incomes and consumer surplus in the long run. For this purpose, we apply a two-sector overlapping generation model in which members of the young generation own the oligopolistic firms. We show that increasing competition in the oligopolistic market leads to ambiguous outcomes regarding the real income and consumer surplus in the long run. However, we show that the distribution of income will become fairer if the competition increases, but it is possible that the price for a fairer distribution is a lower income for all members of the economy.

Religiosity and human capital formation in the overlapping generation model in Indonesia

This research aims to determine the extent of the part of spiritual empowerment and the construction of human capital in the overlapping generation model in Indonesia. The study constructs a model by mathematical approach, which ensures the equilibrium of the entire market; use data of the Indonesian region in the 1983-2019 period and the analyzed by regression. Government spending in the fiscal and monetary sector effectively increases the Gross Domestic Product; the influence of labor positively affects the use of capital stock, where the current capital stock is influenced by the stock capital of the previous year. The aspect of government spending has a positive effect on capital stock.

Taxation of Land and Economic Growth

In this paper, we theoretically analyze the effects of three types of land taxes on economic growth using an overlapping generation model in which land can be used for production or consumption (housing) purposes. Based on the analyses in which land is used as a factor of production, we can confirm that the taxation of land will lead to an increase in the growth rate of the economy. Particularly, we show that the introduction of a tax on land rents, a tax on the value of land or a stamp duty will cause the net price of land to decline. Further, we show that the nationalization of land and the redistribution of the land rents to the young generation will maximize the growth rate of the economy.

Impact of the Demographic Transition on Tax Collection in Brazil: an analysis of the federative aspect

Several countries have been experiencing a process of population aging. In Brazil, this demographic process, according to Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics projections, reaching 24% in 2040 and 34% in 2060. Thus, the present study innovates when proposing the evaluation of the impact of population aging on tax revenue, with special attention to the analysis of the impact on the collection of taxes on consumption, since the consumption basket tends to be different between young and old people. In order to do that, we use a 4-sector overlapping generation model (OLG) with 55 generations. The results suggest a reduction of output, consumption, working hours and investment. Tax revenues would fall more than output, with a larger reduction in consumption taxes. However, we observe that local revenue is less affected, due to the increase in the consumption of services, induced by the process of population ageing.

Inheritance Taxation in a Model with Intergenerational Time Transfers

We consider a two-period overlapping generation model with rational altruism à la Barro, where time transfers and bequests are available to parents. Starting from a steady state where public spending is financed through taxation on capital income and labor income, we analyze a tax reform that consists in a shift of the tax burden from capital income tax toward inheritance tax. In the standard Barro model with no time transfer and inelastic labor supply, such a policy decreases steady-state welfare. In our setting, inheritance tax modifies parents’ trade-off between time transfers and bequests. We identify situations where the tax reform increases welfare for all generations. Welfare improvement mainly depends on the magnitude of the effect of higher time transfers on the labor supply of the young.