Soil Persistence of Trifluralin, Benefin, and Nitralin

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Miller ◽  
P. E. Keeley ◽  
C. H. Carter ◽  
R. J. Thullen
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Herbicide Residues ◽  
Soil Persistence ◽  
Herbicide Residue ◽  
Repeated Applications

Trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), nitralin [4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline], and benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine) were applied at two rates for five consecutive years (1966 through 1970) as soil-incorporated treatments to cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Acala SJ-1’) before the preplanting irrigation. Repeated applications did not significantly affect stand or yield of cotton. Soil samples taken to depth of 120 cm showed that herbicide residues were confined to the tilled zone of soil (upper 30 cm), and about 80% of the residue was in the upper 15 cm of soil. The amount of herbicide residue found annually in the upper 15 cm of soil varied with herbicide and with season. Residues 15 months after final application had been reduced markedly, but were still sufficient to injure sensitive crops. Residues at 30 months had been reduced to innocuous amounts.

Persistence and Movement of Ten Herbicides in Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Miller ◽  
P. E. Keeley ◽  
R. J. Thullen ◽  
C. H. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Herbicide Residues ◽  
Annual Treatment ◽  
Final Treatment ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
One Year

Ten herbicides were each applied at two rates to Panache loam for 5 or 6 yr as soil-incorporated broadcast sprays directed to the base of cotton(Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Acala SJ-1’) at last cultivation. Chemical determinations 6 months after annual treatment showed that trifluralin(a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), nitralin [4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline], benefin(N-butyl-N-ethyl-a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine), DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate), and prometryn [2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] residues were essentially confined to the tilled zone of soil; whereas, bensulide [O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioateS-ester withN-(2-mercapteothyl)benzenesulfonamide], fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(a,a,a,-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea], linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea], and diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] residues were found below the tilled zone. At time of retreatment, annual residue determinations from the upper 15 cm of soil showed that nitralin and prometryn had dissipated completely and residues of the other herbicides and were notably reduced as compared to levels at cotton harvest. One year after final treatment herbicide residues below the tilled zone were essentially nondetectable, except for diuron, linuron, and fluometuron. There was no evidence of herbicide accumulation in soil with repeated applications.

scholarly journals Contaminants in aged pesticide grade dichloromethane interfering in herbicide residue analysis and a method for their removal

1969 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-344
Author(s):  
James A. Singmaster, III
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Sodium Carbonate Solution ◽  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Carbonate Solution ◽  
Careful Evaluation ◽  
Herbicide Residues ◽  
Herbicide Residue ◽  
Trace Organic

A procedure developed for analyses of persistant herbicide residues in soil samples was found to give poor recoveries and extra peaks in gas chromatograms from fortified samples after initial studies had shown acceptable recoveries and no extra peaks. The problem was also found in a "solvent only" sample fortified with prometryn and metribuzin. These two herbicides were then shown to be altered by merely mixing with an aged pesticide grade dichloromethane being used for extractions. Contaminant(s), apparently formed in aged solvent to cause the extra peaks, can be removed by extracting dichloromethane, immediately before it is used, with 10% sodium carbonate solution. Chromatograms are presented to illustrate the effects of the contaminant(s) and their removal by such extraction with recoveries of 0 to 50-percent raised to above 75 percent for the two herbicides when clean solvent is used for extractions. With one of the oldest bottles of dichloromethane in stock for 8 years, the odor of dichlormethane was masked by a pungent acidic odor, which was removed by the sodium carbonate extraction. The contaminant(s) may arise with time in the pesticide grade solvent because of lack or degradation of an additive present in some other grades of this solvent. A literature review for data to explain the contaminants revealed numerous inhibitors, stabilizers and preservatives added at varying levels in many grades of dichloromethane but little information available on how these additives function, or whether they or their altered products may interfere in analyses. The data herein reinforce the report that careful evaluation of dichloromethane for additives or degradation must be made before using this solvent for extractions in trace organic analyses.

scholarly journals Landrace Maize Varieties Used as Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil with 2,4-D + Picloram

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 302
Author(s):  
Adriano Maltezo da Rocha ◽  
Oscar Mitsuo Yamashita ◽  
Paulo Cesar Laurindo Silva ◽  
Marco Antonio Camillo de Carvalho ◽  
Aureane Cristina Teixeira Ferreira Cândido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Production System ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Evaluation Period ◽  
Maize Cultivar ◽  
Herbicide Residue ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Hybrid Maize

The use of herbicides such as 2,4-D + picloram in livestock areas can contaminate and hinder the use of the production system for subsequent crops of other crops. The objective of the research was to evaluate the ability of landrace maize varieties to reduce contamination of soil treated with 2,4-D + picloram, simulating existing conditions in the Amazon Biome. The experiment consisted of 6 phytoremediation treatments (4 landrace maize varieties, 1 hybrid maize cultivar and 1 control without cultivation), 2 herbicide conditions (with and without) and 3 evaluation periods (28, 56 and 84 days). The soil was contaminated and the maize was subsequently cultivated under the herbicide conditions mentioned above. After each evaluation period, soil samples were collected, which were used to mount bioassays by growing cucumber (plants sensitive to the herbicide). Emergence, aerial dry mass and root dry mass were evaluated. All variables were affected by the herbicide residue. However, the reduction in herbicide persistence in each evaluation period was notable, resulting in the normal reestablishment of bioindicator seedlings, especially in the last evaluation at 84 days. The samples obtained in the soil cultivated with the varieties CR purple and CR white showed the best conditions for the development of cucumber, demonstrating the potential to be studied in phytoremediation programs.

Plant and Soil Arsenic Analyses

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 536-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Wilkinson ◽  
W. S. Hardcastle
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Activation ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Soil Arsenic ◽  
Repeated Applications

Neutron-activation analyses of arsenic were reproducibly quantitative at 10 ng As and might be extended as low as 3 ng As with extended counting periods. The method was tested on soil and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., var. Atlas 67) leaves treated with repeated applications of monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA). Leaves from untreated plants contained 55 ng As/g whereas leaves from treated plants showed higher levels of arsenic. Translocation of As was demonstrated and analysis of arsenic in the soil was valid.

Topical Applications of DSMA and MSMA in Irrigated Cotton

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 545-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. Arle ◽  
K. C. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
Lint Percentage ◽  
Fiber Fineness ◽  
Boll Weight ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
Topical Applications

Single topical applications of monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA) affected cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) growth more than did similar disodium methanearsonate (DSMA) applications. There was usually no difference in yield among rates and dates with single applications of DSMA. Single applications of MSMA at later dates and higher rates reduced yields. Repeated topical applications of MSMA reduced yields and affected boll weight, lint percentage, number of seed per boll, and fiber fineness as compared with these properties of cotton treated once with MSMA. Response of cotton to MSMA was related to the number of applications and rate of herbicide. Repeated applications of DSMA affected cotton yield, lint percentage, and number of seed per boll less than did MSMA.

scholarly journals Leaching and Persistence of Sulfentrazone when Mixed with Adjuvants

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.C. MADALÃO ◽  
A.A. SILVA ◽  
A.T. FARIA ◽  
D.T. SARAIVA ◽  
F.R. PIRES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Visual Symptoms ◽  
Soil Persistence

ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to study the influence of adjuvants on leaching and persistence of sulfentrazone in a Red-Yellow Ultisol. The soil was stored in PVC columns of 10 cm diameter and 50 cm length. The treatments were composed of sulfentrazone mixed with six adjuvants (Adesil®, Break-Thru®, Assist®, Hoefix®, Fera® and Nortox® Vegetable Oil), a treatment with sulfentrazone without any adjuvant and a treatment without the herbicide. In the treatments with sulfentrazone, the herbicide was applied at a rate of 1.0 kg ha-1 at the top of the columns, and 12 hours after application, the columns were subjected to simulated rainfall (60 mm). To confirm leaching of sulfentrazone, soil samples were collected every 5 cm up to 50 cm in each column and transferred to 300 cm3 pots to conduct a bioassay using the species Sorghum bicolor. At 21 days after emergence (DAE) of sorghum, visual assessment of intoxication was performed and shoot dry matter percentage was determined. To determine the influence of adjuvants on persistence of sulfentrazone in the soil, new sorghum seeds were planted as soon as the sorghum plants from the first planting were cut; also, phytotoxicity scores were assigned and shoot dry matter was determined at 21 DAE. This procedure was repeated up to 173 days after herbicide application, when the plants showed no more visual symptoms of intoxication. The adjuvant Break-Thru® was effective at reducing leaching of sulfentrazone. The presence of adjuvants applied together with sulfentrazone did not influence the persistence of the herbicide in the study soil. Persistence of sulfentrazone lasted for 143 days.

Soil Persistence of Tebuthiuron in the Claypan Resource Area of Texas

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney W. Bovey ◽  
Robert E. Meyer ◽  
Hugo Hein
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Standard Curve ◽  
Soil Persistence

Pelleted tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] -N,N′-dimethylurea} was applied aerially on duplicate plots at 2.2 and 4.4 kg/ha in spring, summer, fall, and winter of 1978 and 1979. Treatments were made near Bryan in the Claypan Resource Area of Texas on an area supporting a stand of mixed brush consisting mostly of oak (Quercus) species. Soils were sampled at eight locations in each plot at depths of 0 to 15 and 15 to 30 cm in March 1980. Bioassays using ‘Tamcot’ cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) and ‘Caddo’ wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) were done in the greenhouse to detect levels of tebuthiuron residues in the soil. A standard curve was developed to compare known concentrations of tebuthiuron to the unknown content from treated plots. Tebuthiuron persisted in all treated soils and ranged from 0.08 to 0.49 μg/g. Concentrations were usually greater in soil treated in 1979 than in 1978 and in soil treated with 4.4 kg/ha of tebuthiuron than 2.2 kg/ha. No consistent differences in tebuthiuron residues existed either between soil depths or among seasons of application using the bioassay.

Herbicide residues and yield effects from repeated flood-irrigations of alfalfa with water containing monuron or simazine

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. W. Jame ◽  
A. J. Cessna ◽  
V. O. Biederbeck ◽  
R. Grover ◽  
A. E. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Herbicide Residues ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
Contaminated Irrigation Water ◽  
Alluvial Clay

Surface runoff or irrigation water contaminated with herbicides may cause crop damage and result in inadvertent residues in the crop. Rotational crops may also be damaged due to the persistence of leached herbicides within the root zone. An 11-yr field experiment was carried out to address these issues through repeated flood-irrigations of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. 'Roamer') with water containing various concentrations (0, 10, 100 and 1000 µg L−1) of monuron or simazine. The experimental site, on an alluvial clay soil, was flood-irrigated for 8 yr with a total of 32 irrigations, then oat (Avena sativa L. 'Harmon') was grown for 3 yr under dryland conditions as a sensitive bioassay crop. Based on alfalfa forage yield, repeated applications of water containing up to 100 µg L−1 of either monuron or simazine did not show any harmful effects on the crop. However, the 1000 µg L−1 treatments caused cumulative yield reductions with greatest deleterious effect being caused by simazine (up to 55% yield reduction). After 7 yr of irrigation, inadvertent residues of both herbicides were consistently detected in the crop, but only for the 1000 µg L−1 treatments. Average concentrations of monuron in the alfalfa foliage were 0.94 and 1.76 mg kg−1 for the first and second cuts, respectively, whereas corresponding values for simazine were 0.31 and 0.64 mg kg−1. Approximately 4 and 12% of the total amounts applied remained in the soil profile for monuron and simazine, respectively. Herbicide residues to 1.5 m soil depth decreased with increasing depth with half of the total being present in the top 0.15 m, and they were detectable only for the 100 and 1000 µg L−1 treatments. Only soil residues of simazine from the 1000 µg L−1 rate of application reduced oat yields extensively. These yield reductions occurred only during the first 2 yr under dryland production. Key words: Herbicide-contaminated irrigation water, crop damage, herbicide residues, alfalfa, simazine, monuron

Factors in Examining Fate of Herbicides in Soil with Bioassays

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (S2) ◽  
pp. 2-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold P. Appleby
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Plant Response ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Primary Reason ◽  
Herbicide Residues ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Herbicide Residue

A primary reason for studying the fate of a herbicide in soil is because of its potential effect, beneficial or detrimental, on plants. Herbicide concentrations in soil often can be accurately analyzed by chemical or physical procedures. But such quantitative measurements sometimes are not well correlated with plant response because of a number of interacting soil and environmental factors. If the question is not “How much herbicide residue is present in the soil?”, but rather “How much potential exists for herbicidal effects on plants?”, then the use of plants as one aspect of studies on herbicide persistence can be valuable. This paper addresses factors influencing the response of plants to herbicide residues under field conditions.

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