THE SANCTUARIES OF APOLLO MALEATAS AND APOLLO TYRITAS IN LACONIA: RELIGION IN SPARTAN–PERIOIKIC RELATIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 279-305
Author(s):  
Nicolette Pavlides
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Region ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Sacred Landscape ◽  
Real Size ◽  
Large Geographical Region ◽  
Gathering Place ◽  
The Military

This article examines how religion contributed to the interconnectivity of the large geographical region of Laconia which was under Spartan control for most of the Archaic and Classical periods. With a particular focus on two Laconian sanctuaries, that of Apollo Maleatas and that of Apollo Tyritas, located in the area of the Thyreatis/Kynouria, which had traditionally been a disputed region between Sparta and Argos, it considers how sanctuaries played a part in Spartan–perioikic relations. The votives from the two sanctuaries vary: the sanctuary of Apollo Maleatas is rich in weapon dedications, while that of Apollo Tyritas has a diverse array of offerings, including bronzes, pottery and weapons. I argue that the sanctuary of Apollo Maleatas served as a central gathering place that united the Lakedaimonians, both Spartans and perioikoi, and where they celebrated the military qualities of Apollo. The sanctuary of Apollo Tyritas may reflect Spartan interests in the disputed region from the late seventh/early sixth century, and it too presents evidence for the military preoccupations affecting the area. The warrior-god Apollo, prominently worshipped in Sparta and Laconia, was appropriately offered offensive weapons of spears and arrowheads, both real size and miniature. The Spartans and perioikoi celebrated the Maleateia festival, at the sanctuary of Apollo Maleatas, which presented an opportunity for Spartans and perioikoi to gather together. A Laconian sacred landscape was formed through the celebration of common cults and festivals, thus uniting the centre (Sparta) with the Laconian (and Messenian) countryside.

The Archaic Athenian ΖΕΥΓΙΤΑΙ

1981 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Strong Case ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Military

It seems to be widely agreed by modern scholars that when Solon created his four census-classes (τ⋯λη) in early sixth-century Athens (Plut. Sol. 18. 1–2) he gave to at least three of them – the ἱππεῖς, the ζευγῖται and the θ⋯τες – names which were in pre-existing use there. But what, if so, did the names signify, before being assigned their new, official, quantitative (and semantically colourless) Solonic sense? The archaic Athenian θ⋯τες were presumably recognizably akin to their Homeric and Hesiodic namesakes; and despite the etymological obscurity of the word in any event, in practical terms it will have denoted men who by all relevant social, economic or military tests scored a negligible rating. In the case of higher scorers, however, it becomes important for us to discover precisely which criteria are being applied, and so it is the ἱππεῖς and the ζευγῖται who have always posed the main interpretative puzzle. For the ζευγῖται Ehrenberg put it succinctly enough: ‘the zeugitai can be explained either as those who owned a pair of oxen under the yoke (zeugos) or those who are joined to their neighbours in the ranks of the phalanx’. Both these explanations – for convenience I shall (for the moment) call them the agricultural and the military – have indeed long had, and continue to have, their adherents. Most of the great nineteenth-century students of Staatsaltertümer took the agricultural line, usually without argument; and the standard lexica still do. In 1894, however, Conrad Cichorius made out a strong case for the military explanation, and he has had many followers, both witting and (I should guess) unwitting.

Archery in the Preface to Procopius' Wars

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-406
Author(s):  
Marion Kruse
Keyword(s):  
Military History ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Rhetorical Tradition ◽  
Classical Models ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military

Historians have long taken Procopius' description of heavily armored mounted archers in the opening of his Wars to be a more-or-less accurate depiction of contemporary military practice. This paper argues that Procopius employs archery as a metaphor for authorship by drawing on the techniques of figured writing (which include metaphor) as developed by the late antique rhetorical tradition in which he was trained. The comparison between Homeric and contemporary warriors at the opening of the Wars is therefore a figured way for Procopius to engage in a self-referential discussion concerning authorship and, in particular, to develop his agonistic relationship with his primary classical models, Herodotus and Thucydides. This conclusion requires a reevaluation of the military history of the sixth century.

scholarly journals “God’s Grace is a Gain”: Dipinti on a Sixth- Century Amphora from Trimammium

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 334-339
Author(s):  
Nicolay Sharankov ◽  
Varbin Varbanov
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Military Camp ◽  
The One ◽  
God's Grace ◽  
The Military

Abstract The paper publishes an amphora with dipinti from the sixth century AD, found in the military camp of Trimammium on the Lower Danube limes (the Late Antique province of Moesia Secunda). A six-line dipinto on the one side includes invocations and information about the content of the amphora. The dipinti on the other side are abbreviations, possibly for a personal name and for the name of Trimammium, where the amphora had been exported to. The amphora originated from the Eastern provinces and contained oil, which was possibly used during church services.

scholarly journals Early roman hoard from Macvanska Mitrovica (?): Contribution to the precious silver metal working cultural koiné

Starinar ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 53-74
Author(s):  
Mitja Gustin ◽  
Ivana Popovic
Keyword(s):  
Roman Period ◽  
Geographical Region ◽  
Metal Working ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Military ◽  
Silver Metal ◽  
Chain Type

In 2014, a group of silver objects was sold with the accompanying data ?from Serbia, from the area of Macvanska Mitrovica?, which, based on their composition, belonged to a hoard of the Early Roman period. The hoard of silver objects contains a total of 21 pieces that can be divided into 10 different types: emblemata, belt plates, tubuli, torques, wire jewellery - a bracelet and rings, necklaces of the chain type, rings, pendants of lunula, rhomboidal and omega shape, bracelet and rings with pendants in the form of miniature axes. The composition of the silver objects in the Macvanska Mitrovica (?) hoard show surprising similarities with the rich hoards of silver jewellery of Bare, Tekija and the find from Radenkovic-Crkvine and also with the distant hoard from Oltenia in the site of Rovinari (once Poiana, county Gorj). Therefore, we have named this group the Tekija - Bare hoards horizon, after two well-known most representative hoard-contents and their position in the middle of this geographical region. The last denarii from the Tekija and Bare hoards where minted at the end of AD 81, which allows the conclusion that these hoards, found near the military camps of Transdierna and Viminacium, were probably deposited in the years after AD 81, during the restless period of Roman-Dacian conflicts. In the Macvanska Mitrovica (?) hoard and the Radenkovic-Crkvine find the monetary part did not exist, so the time of their depositing remains open.

A 6th century German Settlement of foederati

Antiquity ◽  
1938 ◽  
Vol 12 (45) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Bersu
Keyword(s):  
Sixth Century ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Military ◽  
Fertile Region

In the fertile region between the Danube and the Balkans occur numerous Byzantine fortified posts, which are shown by occasional finds of coins to date mostly from the sixth century. All have a common form in that skilful use has been made of natural features of terrain, such as isolated mountain-tops or practically isolated spurs, so that with a minimum cf artificial strengthening they have considerable defensive power. A favourite situation for them is at points where narrow canyon-like valleys of the streams that flow into the Danube have afforded good natural advantages.From the military standpoint these sites can easily be divided into two groups, A and B, according to their topographical situation. To the first belong those which occur on the great natural trade-routes, and, like a modern Sperrfort, rake the roads with a commanding view over the surrounding district. The second and much more numerous group consists of posts situated off the trade-routes, often so much concealed by the lie of the land as to be invisible from the great roads.

On the Location of the Chu Capital in Early Chunqiu Times in Light of the Handong Incident of 701 B.C.

Early China ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 49-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry B. Blakeley
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Core Area ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Han River ◽  
West Central ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Military

The location of the Chu core area during the reign of King Wu (740-690) is a question rendered uncertain by two issues: 1) the date of the move from Danyang to Ying, and 2) the locations of these capitals. In the traditional literature, both were considered to have been situated along the Yangzi, in southwest Hubei. Recent suggestions, on the other hand, place Danyang in either the Dan Valley (southwest Henan) or west-central Hubei (Nanzhang or Yicheng counties); and arguments have been offered that Ying was also in the Yicheng area.In the arguments both for and against these hypotheses, a commonly employed assumption is that Chu military activities under King Wu hold the potential for indicating the area from which the campaigns were launched. The present paper analyzes one of these campaigns, the military encounter at Pusao between Chu and Yun, east of the Han River (Handong), in 701. This episode is noteworthy for the number of states and placenames that occur in the Zuozhuan account of it.The present study suggests that in plotting the states and placenames appearing in this account, geographical sources dating from the sixth century through the early Qing that are frequently cited in defense of the Southern School (Yangzi Valley) view exhibit several deficiencies. Correcting these leads to the conclusion that regardless of whether Danyang or Ying was the capital at the time, in 701 the Chu force could well have set forth from the Nanzhang/Yicheng region.

scholarly journals 'What Has Been Written Upon the Forehead, the Eye Must See': An Arabic-Jewish Author Between Baghdad and an Israeli Transit Camp

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 169-190
Author(s):  
Reuven Snir
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Military Establishment ◽  
Arab Nationalism ◽  
Islamic Period ◽  
Standard Arabic ◽  
The Military

As an integral part of Arab society since the pre-Islamic period, Jews participated in the making of Arabic literature. We know of prominent Jewish poets such as al-Samawʾal ibn ʿᾹdiyāʾ in the sixth century A.D. and Ibrāhīm ibn Sahl in al-Andalus in the thirteenth century. During the first half of the twentieth century, Arabic literature in fuṣḥā (standard Arabic) written by Jews witnessed a great revival, especially in Iraq and Egypt, but this revival was cut short as a casualty of Zionism and Arab nationalism and the conflict between them. We are currently witnessing the demise of Arabic literature written by Jews; the Arabic language among Jews will probably remain mostly a tool of the military establishment and the intelligence systems as encapsulated in the dictum 'know your enemy' instead of being a medium for coexistence and knowing the Other. The article concentrates on the literary activities of one of the most talented Iraqi-Jewish authors, Shalom Darwīsh (1913-1997), whose promising anticipated literary future in Arabic literature encountered a deadlock following the aforementioned exclusion of Jews from 'Arabness'.

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