scholarly journals 'What Has Been Written Upon the Forehead, the Eye Must See': An Arabic-Jewish Author Between Baghdad and an Israeli Transit Camp

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 169-190
Author(s):  
Reuven Snir
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Military Establishment ◽  
Arab Nationalism ◽  
Islamic Period ◽  
Standard Arabic ◽  
The Military

As an integral part of Arab society since the pre-Islamic period, Jews participated in the making of Arabic literature. We know of prominent Jewish poets such as al-Samawʾal ibn ʿᾹdiyāʾ in the sixth century A.D. and Ibrāhīm ibn Sahl in al-Andalus in the thirteenth century. During the first half of the twentieth century, Arabic literature in fuṣḥā (standard Arabic) written by Jews witnessed a great revival, especially in Iraq and Egypt, but this revival was cut short as a casualty of Zionism and Arab nationalism and the conflict between them. We are currently witnessing the demise of Arabic literature written by Jews; the Arabic language among Jews will probably remain mostly a tool of the military establishment and the intelligence systems as encapsulated in the dictum 'know your enemy' instead of being a medium for coexistence and knowing the Other. The article concentrates on the literary activities of one of the most talented Iraqi-Jewish authors, Shalom Darwīsh (1913-1997), whose promising anticipated literary future in Arabic literature encountered a deadlock following the aforementioned exclusion of Jews from 'Arabness'.

Egypt

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franck Salameh
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Culture Fluid ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
Arab Nationalism ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Modern Arabic

This chapter analyzes the work of Ali Salem (1936–2015) and Taha Husayn (1889–1973). Husayn, the doyen of modern Arabic literature, and Salem, a leading Arabic-language playwright, are considered two of the main avatars of Pharaonism; the former dominating the early decades of the twentieth century, the latter commanding influence in the early twenty-first. In The Future of Culture in Egypt (1938), Husayn made the case for an Egyptian Egypt and an Egyptian identity separate and distinct from the worlds of Islam and Arab nationalism. Salem's 2004 satire, The Odd Man and the Sea, presents a spacious notion of the Mediterranean as a sea of culture—fluid, inclusive, pantheist by its very nature, and of which Egypt is a vital current.

scholarly journals The Military Coups in Shadow of Democratization (A Comparative Study of Turkey and Mauritania)

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
EkramBadr El-din ◽  
Mohamed Dit Dah Ould Cheikh
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Democratic Transition ◽  
Political Action ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Military Establishment ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
The Military

The current study tries to examine the military coups that have occurred in Turkey and Mauritania. These coups differ from the other coups that occurred in the surrounding countries in the phase of democratization as these coups served as a hindrance to the process of democratization in Turkey and Mauritania. The problem of the study revolves around the analysis of the coups that happened in Turkey and Mauritania in the phase of democratic transition. The research is designed to answer the following question: what are the reasons that prompted the military establishment to intervene in political life in the shadow of the process of democratization in Turkey and Mauritania? The study aims at understanding reasons that pushed the military establishment to intervene in the political life. To discuss this phenomenon and achieve the required results, the analytical descriptive approach is adopted for concluding key results that may contribute to understand reasons that pushed the military establishment to intervene in the political life in Turkey and Mauritania in the aftermath democratization occurred in the two countries. The study concluded that the military establishment in both countries engaged in the political action and became ready to militarily intervene in the case of harming its interests and acquisitions. 

Arabic Language and Literature

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aida Bamia
Keyword(s):  
Arab World ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Literary Genres ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
Gradual Process ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
Arabic Script ◽  
The Military

There is a general tendency to confuse Arab and Muslim identities. While the majority of Arabs are Muslim, most Muslims are not Arabs. There are also non-Muslim Arabs. The first Arab conquests aimed at spreading Islam caused the Arabs to settle outside the Arabian Peninsula, extending their control over the Levant, North Africa, Mesopotamia, and the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula. The military conquests contributed to a gradual process of Arabization, even among non-Muslims. While all Muslims are required to pray in Arabic, they use their native languages to communicate among themselves, and to read and write. Some of those languages, Farsi, Urdu, and Pashtun, to cite only a few, are written in the Arabic script to this day. Two other languages, Swahili and Turkish (Ottoman), abandoned Arabic script, the former in the 20th century, with the advent of colonialism, and the latter in 1928, under Kemal Ataturk’s rule. The requirement for Muslims to pray in Arabic contributed to the safeguard of the language during the years of political turmoil, and under French colonialism in particular. An extreme example is Algeria, where Arabic was declared a foreign language, and it is thanks to the teaching offered in the zawiyas and the madrasas that Arabic survived in that country. This survey article examines the development of Arabic language and literature from pre-Islamic times, the Jahiliyya, to the contemporary period. It introduces the various literary genres of Arabic literature, including Francophone and Anglophone literatures written by Arab writers and the literature of the Mahjar. The area covered will be referred to as the Arab world, a more accurate name than the Middle East, which includes countries and cultures that are not Arabic. The Arab world consists of twenty countries, members of the Arab League established on March 22, 1945, and stretches over two continents, Africa and Asia. The literature of the Arab world will not be referred to as Islamic literature, as was the practice among some Orientalists. The approach to this coverage is historical, following Arabic literature and language in their trajectory throughout the Arab world, from the Jahiliyya, moving through the Islamic period, the Umayyads in Damascus, the Abbasids in Baghdad, the Umayyads in Andalusia, the Fatimids in Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, and ending in the contemporary period.

The Modern Arabic Literary System

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reuven Snir
Keyword(s):  
Popular Literature ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
Basic Medium ◽  
Research Subject ◽  
Standard Arabic ◽  
Vernacular Language ◽  
System P ◽  
Modern Arabic ◽  
Literary System

This chapter sets out the theoretical framework that underlies the Arabic literary system, outlining the scope of the research subject and the assumptions behind the operative theoretical model. It looks also at the question of how popular literature can be given aesthetic legitimation and refers to the delimiting factors between canonized and non-canonized texts as well as between aesthetic and non-aesthetic objects that are by no means static. The chapter shows how canonicity in Arabic literature generally depends on the language of production: The standard Arabic language (fuṣḥā) is the basic medium of canonized texts, whereas the vernacular language (‘āmmiyya) is that of non-canonized texts.

scholarly journals ArabicYahya Saleh Hasan Dahami*

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Yahya Saleh Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Literary Analysis ◽  
Poetic Language ◽  
Islamic Period ◽  
Standard Arabic ◽  
Classical Language ◽  
Classical Arabic ◽  
Shed Light

The impetus for studying this topic is self-obligation to reveal the Arabic language and Arab cultural heritage as well as the old sense of worth. A’mru ibn Kolthoum is one of the greatest poets who expounded graceful portraits of gifted Arabs in the pre-Islamic period by intellectuality of using the classical language. The researcher in this article undertakes to probe the depth of the poetry of A’mru ibn Kolthoum as an illustration of the immensity of the Arabic language as well as being a symbol of pride. A’mru ibn Kolthoum deserves literary analysis, paying attention mainly to his Mua’llagah as an inheritance of the standard Arabic language. The poetry of A’mru ibn Kolthoum, as one of the Mua’llaqat inventor, has been barely studied. His poetry of superiority is paid less investigation. This study aims to shed light on the way A’mru ibn Kolthoum thrived in writing an impressive piece of poetry called Al-Mua’llagah. The study is an attempt to reveal, to what extent; ibn Kolthoum has done to contribute to the enrichment of classical Arabic language via his Mua’llagah. The study, using the critical-analytical approach, opens with an introduction on Arabic as a medium poetic language, making clear the significance and prominence of the Arabic language and its influence and contribution to the heritage of Arabs. Then the paper moves to sort out the creator of this literary piece under-study, focusing on the personality of the poet-knight A’mru ibn Kolthoum, his poetry, and his tribe. Thenceforth, the researcher shifts to the central part which is an analytical examination of his Mua’llagah revolving about pride and dignity and tyranny. The paper concludes with an afterword viewing the findings and recommendations if any.

scholarly journals Arabic Phonology

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Awaad Alqarhi
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Multicultural Society ◽  
New Variety ◽  
Standard Arabic ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Arabic Phonology ◽  
Linguistic Framework

The phenomenon seen in domains more than one is termed as Language Hybridization. Many languages have multiple dialects that tend to differ in the phonology concept. The Arabic language that is spoken in contemporary time can be more properly described as varieties having a continuum. The modern and standard Arabic language consists of twenty eight consonant phonemes along with six phonemes that might also be eight vowel in most of the modern dialects. Every phonemes have a contrast between non-emphatic consonants and uvularized or emphatic consonants. Few of the phonemes have also found to get coalesced into various other modern dialects whereas on the other hand, the new phonemes have already been introduced via phonemic splits or borrowing. The phonemic length and quality that applies to both consonants and vowels at the same time. There have been research that analyses how multicultural society in Australia gets operated only with a particular form of language generated in some linguistic environments. The scripts of English Language tend to have the capability of merging with other language that are native of a place for making it a complete new variety. The process is termed as Romanization. The hybrid or amalgamation of languages within the linguistic framework can be classified and characterized that makes its standardization easy. This paper aims to do a complete research on the linguistics of Arabic phonology.

scholarly journals Dekontruksi Pendekatan Kritik Sastra Terhadap Al-Quran Perspektif Amin Al-Khuli

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-253
Author(s):  
Moh. Mofid ◽  
Mohammad Zainal Hamdy
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
Modern Era

The Qur'an is a collection of texts that require a very deep understanding and interpretation. Without interpretation, the text of the Qur'an remains a text that cannot speak. Literature is the result of human creation using the medium of written and spoken language, is imaginative, delivered in a unique way, and contains messages that are relatively. The purpose of this study is to explain the literary criticism approach to the Qur'an according to Amin Al-Khuli's view, so that we as Muslims understand more deeply about the contents of the Qur'an. Literary Approach as a Knife of Analysis in Understanding the Text of the Qur'an, Literary approach in interpretation actually emerged due to the large number of non-Arabs who converted to Islam and due to the weakness of the Arabs themselves in the field of literature, so it was felt necessary to explain to them about privileges and circumstances of the meaning of the content of the Qur'an. Then in the modern era the literary approach in the Qur'an was driven by Amin al-Khuli (died. 1968 AD) at the end of the twentieth century (20). He is a professor of Qur'anic studies at Cairo University. According to Amin al-Khuli, the Qur'an is the greatest book in Arabic. One of his theses states that the Qur'an is the greatest work of Arabic literature. The Qur'an has made the Arabic language never die, and along with its status as the language that God has chosen to convey His divine messages, makes the Qur'an itself as something that does not know dry.

scholarly journals “God’s Grace is a Gain”: Dipinti on a Sixth- Century Amphora from Trimammium

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 334-339
Author(s):  
Nicolay Sharankov ◽  
Varbin Varbanov
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Military Camp ◽  
The One ◽  
God's Grace ◽  
The Military

Abstract The paper publishes an amphora with dipinti from the sixth century AD, found in the military camp of Trimammium on the Lower Danube limes (the Late Antique province of Moesia Secunda). A six-line dipinto on the one side includes invocations and information about the content of the amphora. The dipinti on the other side are abbreviations, possibly for a personal name and for the name of Trimammium, where the amphora had been exported to. The amphora originated from the Eastern provinces and contained oil, which was possibly used during church services.

The Many Lives of Franz von der Trenck

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 34-57
Author(s):  
Rita Krueger
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Laws Of War ◽  
Life Narrative ◽  
Fault Lines ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Military ◽  
Rape In War

Baron Franz von der Trenck might not now be a household name, but in the eighteenth century, he was notorious for the blood-curdling excesses of the soldiers under his command and an approach to war on behalf of Queen Empress Maria Theresa that appeared to defy the tenets of the age. As one biography described, “The thirty-eight year lifespan of the pandur general Franz Baron von der Trenck was a symphony of violence and death.” On the other side of the Prussian-Austrian conflict, Friedrich von der Trenck was iconic in different ways, with a career that careened from the military under Frederick II, to prison, and lastly to the guillotine in Paris. In service to their monarchs and in pursuit of personal advancement, security, and adventure, the Trenck cousins collided with each other at various points, demonstrating what it meant for nobles to be both architects and victims of fame, reputation, and slander. After Franz's death in prison, Friedrich, for his own reasons, had a hand in shaping the reputation of his cousin as a larger-than-life military man with an affinity for particular types of violence. However, Friedrich was not the only curator of Franz's legacy and others took part during and after Franz's life in the adulteration and appropriation of his life narrative. As a military man, Franz von der Trenck weaponized his own reputation, but its plasticity continued far after his death because he served as a stand-in for a variety of cultural inquiries, anxieties, and hopes beyond military practices and the laws of war. The subtexts of those narratives reveal particular cultural fault lines salient not just in the eighteenth century but also long after, including the constructed, imaginary boundary between the civilized and uncivilized in time and geography. Legends about Trenck drew on tropes about an uncivilized past through the ostensible space between a cultured European center and a wild Slavic or Turkic periphery. The boundary of civilization was not the only theme threaded through stories about Trenck. The nature of his violence was condemned by many and featured in his downfall, but there was also a subterranean admiration for a man who appeared to glorify war as an essential, formative masculine adventure and who romanticized the transgression of rape in war. Beginning with Friedrich and resonating still in twentieth-century nationalist iterations of Trenck is the idolization of a figure who seemed to transcend the petty morality or narrow-mindedness of those who judged him.

On the Location of the Chu Capital in Early Chunqiu Times in Light of the Handong Incident of 701 B.C.

Early China ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 49-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry B. Blakeley
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Core Area ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Han River ◽  
West Central ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Military

The location of the Chu core area during the reign of King Wu (740-690) is a question rendered uncertain by two issues: 1) the date of the move from Danyang to Ying, and 2) the locations of these capitals. In the traditional literature, both were considered to have been situated along the Yangzi, in southwest Hubei. Recent suggestions, on the other hand, place Danyang in either the Dan Valley (southwest Henan) or west-central Hubei (Nanzhang or Yicheng counties); and arguments have been offered that Ying was also in the Yicheng area.In the arguments both for and against these hypotheses, a commonly employed assumption is that Chu military activities under King Wu hold the potential for indicating the area from which the campaigns were launched. The present paper analyzes one of these campaigns, the military encounter at Pusao between Chu and Yun, east of the Han River (Handong), in 701. This episode is noteworthy for the number of states and placenames that occur in the Zuozhuan account of it.The present study suggests that in plotting the states and placenames appearing in this account, geographical sources dating from the sixth century through the early Qing that are frequently cited in defense of the Southern School (Yangzi Valley) view exhibit several deficiencies. Correcting these leads to the conclusion that regardless of whether Danyang or Ying was the capital at the time, in 701 the Chu force could well have set forth from the Nanzhang/Yicheng region.

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