Research of the internal environment of the military camp buildings

One of the key tasks of this research work is to assess the carbon dioxide (CO₂) pollution in the resting areas of military camps under the current deployment conditions and to assess its impact on soldiers. In the process, the environmental impacts that affect the CO₂ concentration were researched in different rooms in different ways. In addition to the rest areas of a military camp, enumerating the major camp facilities that affect the “welfare” feeling of soldiers on foreign mission, we arrived at the kitchen complex and the work environment of the kitchen staff. One of the key parts of the camp kitchen complex is the food storage, where the raw materials needed for the supply are stored. Storage is very important in a crisis situation, when you have to be prepared to stay away from the homeland, to prevent any supply or procurement problems. A particularly important task in providing food raw materials is the so-called "Fresh" storage. The aim of the paper is to examine the changes in the CO₂ concentration of the camp storage room, which is of key importance in food supply, in the vegetable (fruit) storage places. By modeling at a measurement site set up in the laboratory of the host institution, we measure the CO₂ composition of the indoor air in the warehouse by placing various vegetables and fruits. The change of CO₂ concentration is examined separately for certain types of vegetables and fruits stored in closed storage rooms, taking into account the degree of effective storage capacity and determine the required fresh air value to ensure proper storage conditions. Finally, a mathematical model to simulate changes in storage conditions will be created, which offer help to plan of the military camp.

‘It was no different to a prison camp’: Oral accounts of adaptations, transitions and surviving an ‘emergency camp’; from Sophiatown to Ammunition Depot 91, 1955–1960s

The demolition of Sophiatown, Cato Manor, District Six and other areas under the apartheid regime hugely impacted the socio-economic lives of various South Africans (particularly those people classified as non-whites). The classification of South African cosmopolitan townships as slums according to the Slums Act of 1934, and the ambitions of achieving social segregation, resulted in the geographical separation of races facilitated by the Group Areas Act of 1950. The act legally justified the forced removal of Indian families from Sophiatown. Then, they were temporarily placed in a military base next to Lenasia. Through the use of oral interviews, this article interrogates the unknown history of the Indian families in their transitional period from Sophiatown to Ammunition Depot 91 (also referred to as the ‘military camp/military base’ in Lenasia). Furthermore, the article sheds light on their untold experiences; particularly on the arrival of Indian families in the military camp, their living conditions, health-related matters, the utilisation of coping mechanisms such as religion and recreational activities, perceptions about their stay, effects on transportation and their general experiences in the transition camp. The article accentuates the rapid nature of these removals particularly in Sophiatown which resulted in the lack of adequate alternative accommodation for the Indian residents.Contribution: The article offers fresh perspectives for deeper interrogation of the consequences of forced removals in apartheid South Africa, by reflecting on the memories and lived experiences of interviewees in a case study that has hitherto not been addressed by social historians.

The Seat of the Roman Governor at Carnuntum (Pannonia Superior)

The Roman site of Carnuntum was once a flourishing center on the frontiers of the Roman Empire. In its heyday as the capital of the province of Pannonia superior, Carnuntum probably covered an area of almost 9 km². The whole site was divided into a military settlement (castra and canabae legionis) and a civil town (municipium/colonia). Through a large-scale archaeological prospection project, this huge area could be investigated and analyzed in great detail using a wide variety of nondestructive prospection methods. One of the main discoveries of the project was observed in the military settlement, where it was possible to identify a previously unknown military camp, interpreted as the garrison of the governor’s guard, the castra singularium. Through the topographic analysis of the immediate surroundings, the Roman fort was determined to be embedded in a large administrative complex related to the governor’s seat in Carnuntum. This article presents these new discoveries and shows what an important part they formed in the administration of the Roman province of Upper Pannonia.

Novověký vojenský tábor jako archeologická lokalita. Výzkum polního ležení v Semonicích u Jaroměře (okr. Náchod) / An Early Modern military camp as an archaeological site. The excavation of the field camp in Jaroměř–Semonice (northeast Bohemia)

The study addresses the archaeological excavation of the military field camp of the Prussian or Austrian army from 1745, 1758 or 1778. Features with a burnt layer, apparently field kitchens, and other features that probably served as dwellings were documented at the site uncovered during the construction of the motorway in northeast Bohemia. The burial of a man was found in the ditch that was part of camp fortifications. The find assemblage is composed primarily of items that can be regarded as waste and lost items.

Potentialities and Limitations of Research on VHRS Data: Alexander the Great’s Military Camp at Gaugamela on the Navkur Plain in Kurdish Iraq as a Test Case

This paper presents a selected aspect of research conducted within the Gaugamela Project, which seeks to finally identify the location of one of the most important ancient battles: the Battle of Gaugamela (331 BCE). The aim of this study was to discover material remains of the Macedonian military camp on the Navkur Plain in Kurdish Iraq. For this purpose, three very high resolution satellite (VHRS) datasets from Pleiades and WorldView-2 were acquired and subjected to multi-variant image processing (development of different color composites, integration of multispectral and panchromatic images, use of principle component analysis transformation, use of vegetation indices). Documentation of photointerpretation was carried out through the vectorization of features/areas. Due to the character of the sought-after artifacts (remnants of a large enclosure), features were categorized into two types: linear features and areal features. As a result, 19 linear features and 2 areal features were found in the study area of the Mahad hills. However, only a few features fulfilled the expected geometric criteria (layout and size) and were subjected to field groundtruthing, which ended in negative results. It is concluded that no traces have been found that could be interpreted as remnants of an earthen enclosure capable of accommodating around 47,000 soldiers. Further research perspectives are also suggested.

Comparative Analysis of General Words-Terms In Persian and Uzbek Languages

According to the history, the Persian language is one of the oldest languages in the world that has not lost its features. Following a different times and historical conditions, Persian words, as well as the Arabic language, influenced the vocabulary of other languages. The vocabulary of the Uzbek language is no exception in this process. From ancient times, the use of the Persian-Tajik language was observed side by side with the languages of the countries of Mawarannahr, in particular with the Uzbek language. As a result, many words from the Persian and Arabic languages were integrated into the lexical structure of the Uzbek language, that is, they are used as general words in both Persian and Uzbek languages. However, not all general words are used to express the same meaning. There are such original Persian words in the Uzbek language, the semantic border of which has a different meaning in the Persian language, while in the Uzbek language it has a different meaning. It is important to note that these words-terms used in both languages refer to the active speech layer in these languages. In addition, the ways of formation of those general words in comparable languages must comply with international standards. As a result of such studies, clarity is introduced into the questions of the etymological basis and the semantic boundary of general words in the Persian and Uzbek languages. For example, in the Uzbek language, there are a number of general words-terms, such as “оромгоҳ” (“camp”), “деҳқон” (“farmer”), “дастак” (“lever”), “тухумдон” (“ovary”), “хонанда” (“singer”), “олийгоҳ” (“university”) and “лашкаргоҳ” (“military camp”), which do not express meaning as in the Persian language. Even today, these words are general words expressing the features of terms that have been proposed and already have been introduced instead of Russian-international words. A semantic and functional study of such words will contribute to the development of Uzbek lexicology. Because after giving the status of “state language” to the Uzbek language in 1989, the task became to take care of its authority. Accordingly, this article aims to cover the structural-semantic analysis of general Persian words-terms used today in the Uzbek language.

Geospatial Analysis and Simulation of Glacial Avalanche Hazard in Hunza River Basin

Glacial avalanche hazard poses threat to human lives and damage settlements / infrastructures in alpine glaciers mountainous regions. A gigantic ice plus rock avalanche destroyed Gyari military camp in Siachen sector on April 2012 and buried 139 personals. The study focuses on geospatial analysis and simulation of Shishper glacial avalanche of Hunza basin. To simulate the potential glacial avalanche hazard to Hassan Abad settlements, an empirical process based Glacier Avalanche Model; Rapid Access Mass Movement Simulation (RAMMS) is utilized. The model encompasses avalanche release area and height for the execution of simulation. The model output of Shishper glacial avalanche resulted; a max pressure of 450 Kpa, max velocity of 40 m/s, and the max flow height of 80m, while the resulted surge extent output was 2500m. The potential hazardous Shishper glacial avalanche remains a continuous hazard to Hassan Abad of Hunza valley including Karakoram Highway and Frontier Works Organization (FWO) camp. The study has resulted in identifying the Upper Indus Bain (UIB) being more prone to glacial avalanche hazards because of host factors in general and the anthropogenic factor in particular.